Transcript Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

Principles of Anatomy
and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition
Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson
Chapter 1
An Introduction to the Human Body
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1
2
CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELLULAR LEVEL
3 TISSUE LEVEL
Smooth muscle cell
Atoms (C, H, O, N, P)
Molecule (DNA)
Smooth muscle
tissue
5 SYSTEM LEVEL
4 ORGAN LEVEL
Epithelial and
connective tissues
Salivary glands
Pharynx (throat)
Mouth
Smooth muscle
tissue layers
Esophagus
Epithelial tissue
Stomach
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Pancreas
(behind stomach)
Large
intestine
Small intestine
6 ORGANISMAL LEVEL
Digestive system
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM (CHAPTER 5)
Hair
Skin and associated
glands
Fingernails
Toenails
SKELETAL SYSTEM
(CHAPTERS 6–9)
Bone
Cartilage
Joint
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
(CHAPTERS 10, 11)
Skeletal muscle
Tendon
NERVOUS SYSTEM
(CHAPTERS 12–17)
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerve
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(CHAPTER 18)
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Posterior
view
Testis (male)
Ovary
(female)
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
(CHAPTERS 19–21)
Blood
vessels:
Vein
Heart
Artery
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND
IMMUNITY (CHAPTER 22)
Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
Thymus
Thoracic duct
Spleen
Red bone marrow
Lymph node
Lymphatic vessel
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(CHAPTER 23)
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Pharynx
(throat)
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchus
Lung
Larynx
(voice box)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
(CHAPTER 24)
Salivary gland
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas (behind stomach)
Gallbladder
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
URINARY SYSTEM
(CHAPTER 26)
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMS (CHAPTER 28)
Mammary gland
Ovary
Vagina
Uterine
(fallopian) tube
Uterus
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMS (CHAPTER 28)
Seminal vesicle
Epididymis
Testis
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Prostate
Penis
Some stimulus
disrupts
homeostasis by
Increasing or
decreasing a
Controlled condition
that is monitored by
Receptors
that send
Input
Nerve impulses or
chemical signals to a
Control center
that receives the
input and provides
Output
There is a return to
homeostasis when the
response brings the
controlled condition
back to normal.
Nerve impulses or
chemical signals to
Effectors
that bring about
a change or
Response that alters the
controlled condition.
Some stimulus
disrupts
homeostasis by
Increasing
Blood pressure
Receptors
Baroreceptors in
certain blood
vessels send
Nerve impulses
Input
Control center
Brain interprets
input and sends
Output
Return to homeostasis
when response brings
blood pressure back to
normal
Nerve impulses
Effector
Heart
Blood
vessels
A decrease in heart rate
decreases blood pressure
Contractions of wall
of uterus force baby's
head or body into the
cervix, thus
Increasing
Stretching of
cervix
Receptors
Stretch-sensitive nerve
cells in cervix send
Input
Nerve impulses
Control center
Brain interprets
input and
releases
Output
Positive feedback: Increased
stretching of cervix causes release
of more oxytocin, which results in
more stretching of the cervix
Oxytocin
Effectors
Muscles in wall
of uterus contract
more forcefully
Baby's body stretches
cervix more
Interruption of cycle: Birth of baby decreases
stretching of cervix, thus breaking the
positive feedback cycle
Frontal (forehead)
Temporal (temple)
Cranial
(skull)
CEPHALIC
(HEAD)
Orbital or ocular (eye)
Facial
(face)
Otic (ear)
Buccal (cheek)
CERVICAL
(NECK)
Nasal (nose)
Thoracic
(chest)
Axillary (armpit)
Oral (mouth)
Mental (chin)
Antecubital (Front of elbow)
Antebrachial (forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
TRUNK
Brachial (arm)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Sternal (breastbone)
Pelvic
(pelvis)
Umbilical (navel)
Mammary (breast)
Coxal (hip)
Palmar or volar (palm)
Digital or
phalangeal
(fingers)
Inguinal (groin)
Femoral
(thigh)
Manual
(hand)
Patellar
(anterior surface of knee)
Pubic
(pubis)
Crural (leg)
Dorsum
(top of foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Pedal
(foot
Digital or
phalangeal
(toes)
Hallux
(great toe)
(a) Anterior view
Pollex (thumb)
Occipital
(base of skull)
Acromial
(shoulder)
CEPHALIC
(HEAD)
Scapular
(shoulder blade)
CERVICAL (NECK)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Olecranal or cubital
(back of elbow)
Sacral
(between hips)
Coccygeal
(tailbone)
Dorsal
(back)
UPPER
LIMB
Lumbar (loin)
Gluteal
(buttock)
Perineal (region between
anus and external genitals)
Popliteal
(hollow behind knee)
LOWER
LIMB
Sural
(calf)
Plantar
(sole)
(b) Posterior view
Calcaneal
(heel)
Dorsum
(back of hand)
LATERAL
MEDIAL
LATERAL
SUPERIOR
Midline
Esophagus (food tube)
Trachea (windpipe)
PROXIMAL
Right lung
Rib
Sternum
(breastbone)
Left lung
Humerus
Heart
Diaphragm
Spleen
Stomach
Liver
Radius
Ulna
Gallbladder
Ascending
colon
Carpals
Transverse colon
Small intestine
Descending colon
Urinary bladder
Metacarpals
Phalanges
DISTAL
Anterior view of trunk and
right upper limb
INFERIOR
Frontal
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
plane
Midsagittal
plane
(through
midline)
Oblique
plane
Anterior view
View
Posterior
Transverse
plane
Anterior
(a) Transverse section
Frontal plane
View
(b) Frontal section
Midsagittal plane
View
(c) Midsagittal section
Cranial
cavity
Vertebral
canal
Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominopelvic
cavity:
Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
(a) Right lateral view
(b) Anterior view
CAVITY
COMMENTS
Cranial cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain.
Vertebral canal
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and
the beginnings of spinal nerves.
Thoracic cavity*
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and
mediastinum.
Pleural cavity
Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each
pleural cavity is the pleura.
Pericardial cavity Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the
pericardial cavity is the pericardium.
Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs;
extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first
rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus,
trachea, and several large blood vessels.
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small
intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous
membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and
internal organs of reproduction
* See Figure 1.10 for details of the thoracic cavity.
Mediastinum
Right pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pleura
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
Visceral pleura
Left pleural cavity
Diaphragm
(a) Anterior view of thoracic cavity
Transverse plane
ANTERIOR
View
Sternum
(breastbone)
Muscle
Thymus
Heart
Left lung
PERICARDIAL
CAVITY
Right lung
Esophagus (food tube)
Aorta
Vertebral column
(backbone)
RIGHT PLEURAL
CAVITY
LEFT
PLEURAL
CAVITY
Rib
POSTERIOR
(b) Inferior view of transverse section of thoracic cavity
Diaphragm
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Abdominal
cavity
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Pelvic cavity
Urinary bladder
Anterior view
Clavicles
Midclavicular lines
Right
RIGHT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
Left
EPIGASTRIC
REGION
LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
Subcostal line
RIGHT
LUMBAR
REGION
UMBILICAL
REGION
RIGHT INGUINAL
REGION
HYPOGASTRIC
REGION
(a) Anterior view showing abdominopelvic regions
LEFT LUMBAR
REGION
Transtubercular line
LEFT INGUINAL
REGION
Clavicles
Midclavicular lines
Right
RIGHT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
Left
EPIGASTRIC
REGION
RIGHT
LUMBAR
REGION
UMBILICAL
REGION
RIGHT INGUINAL
REGION
HYPOGASTRIC
REGION
LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC
REGION
LEFT LUMBAR
REGION
LEFT INGUINAL
REGION
(b) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic regions
Median
line
RIGHT UPPER
QUADRANT (RUQ)
LEFT UPPER
QUADRANT (LUQ)
Transumbilical line
RIGHT LOWER
QUADRANT (RLQ)
LEFT LOWER
QUADRANT (LLQ)
(c) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic quadrants
Left clavicle
Rib
Left lung
Heart
Radiograph of the thorax in anterior view
Mammogram of a female
breast showing a cancerous
tumor (white mass with
uneven border)
Bone densitometry scan of the
lumbar spine in anterior view
Angiogram of an adult human heart showing
a blockage in a coronary artery (arrow)
Intravenous urogram showing a kidney stone (arrow) in the
right kidney
Barium contrast x-ray showing a cancer of
the ascending colon (arrow)
Magnetic resonance image of the brain in
sagittal section
Diffusion tensor image of transverse section of the
brain showing white matter (various colors)
ANTERIOR
Heart
Aorta
Backbone
Left rib
Left scapula
POSTERIOR
Computed tomography scan of the thorax in
inferior view
Normal left
coronary
artery
Blocked right
coronary
artery
CCTA scan of coronary arteries
Forehead
Eye
Hand
Sonogram of a fetus (Courtesy of Andrew
Joseph Tortora and Damaris Soler)
ANTERIOR
Positron emission
tomography scan of a
transverse section of the
brain (circled area at upper
left indicates where a stroke
has occurred)
POSTERIOR
Radionuclide (nuclear) scan of a normal
human liver
Single-photon-emission
computerized tomography (SPECT)
scan of a transverse section of the
brain (green area at lower left
indicates a migraine attack)
Interior view of the
colon as shown by
colonoscopy