Transcript Unit 09 Notes

Directions
• If you haven’t taken the mink test or the unit 08 muscle
test yet, you will do that today.
• Go sit in the back and wait for the test to be handed out.
• If you have taken the test, you will be finishing the
reading guide on chapter 15 that we started a few
weeks ago with the substitute.
• Get an iPad and a book.
• Download the reading guide from my website.
• Daily updates 2/23/2016 (you’ll need to scroll down)
• Finish the reading guide.
• You should already have it started in your notes.
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Unit 09
The Digestive System
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15.1
Introduction
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Introduction
• Digestion:
• The mechanical and
chemical break down
of foods
• The absorption of
nutrients.
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Introduction
• Digestive System
• Alimentary Canal and Accessory Organs
• Alimentary Canal
• Single tube that runs from mouth to anus
• Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine
large intestine and anal canal
Write
Introduction
Alimentary Canal Organs
Accessory Organs
1.
1. Salivary Glands
Mouth
2. Pharynx
2. Liver
3. Esophagus
3. Gall Bladder
4. Stomach
4. Pancreas
5. Small Intestines
6. Large Intestines
7. Anal Canal
The digestive system is a tube, open at both ends.
It supplies body cells with nutrients that can be used to make energy and build polymers that the body needs.
Listen
Listen
Watch
Digestive System Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QYwscALNng
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15.2
General Characteristics of the Alimentary Canal
Watch
General Characteristics of the
Alimentary Canal
• The tube that makes up your alimentary canal is
made up of four layers of tissue.
Mucosa
Tissue Types
Submucosa
Epithelium,
Loose connective
connective tissue,
tissue
smooth muscle tissue
Muscular Layer
Serosa
Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue
Structures found
Glands
within the membrane
Glands, blood vessels, Cicrular and
lymphatic vessels and longitudinal fibers
nerves
None
Function
Nourishes and
removes waste from
surrounding tissue
Secretes serous fluid
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
Peristalsis
Listen
Listen
Write
Movements of the Tube
• The motor functions of the alimentary canal are of
two basic types:
• Mixing movements
• Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions
• Propelling movements
• Peristalsis
• Contraction behind the food
• Dilation in front of the food
Watch
Peristalsis Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ujr0UAbyPS4
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15.3 Mouth
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Structures and Functions of the Mouth
Structure
Function
Cheeks
Skin, fat and muscle
Expression and chewing
Lips
Muscle, sensory receptors
Judge temperature and
texture
Tongue
Muscle
Move food
Papillae of the tongue
Rough projections
Friction for handling food
Taste buds
Frenulum
Membranous fold
Connects tongue to floor of
mouth
Palate
Hard and soft parts
Closes opening to nasal
cavity and pharynx
Uvula
Muscular arch
Closes opening to nasal
cavity and pharynx
Palatine tonsils
Lymphatic tissue
Help body fight infection
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid)
Lymphatic tissue
Help body fight infection
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Teeth types
• Primary teeth (deciduous)
• Erupt from 6 months to 2-4 years old
• 20 total
• Not permanent (fall out)
• Secondary Teeth
• 6 years until 20 years
• 32 total
• Permanent
Listen
Write
Teeth Types
• Incisors
• Bite off large chunks of food
• Cuspids/canine
• Grasp and tear food
• Bicuspids and Molars
• Grinding food
Listen
Draw
Write
15.4 Salivary Glands
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Salivary Glands
• Salivary Glands
• Glands that secrete Saliva
• Two Secretory cells
• Serous
• Secrete watery fluid with amylase
• Amylase
• Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
• Mucous Cells
• Secrete mucus
• Binds and lubricates food
Write
Major Salivary Glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Size
Largest
Medium
Smallest
Location
Anterior/inferior
to ear
Floor of mouth
Floor of the mouth
Secretion
Watery fluid +
amylase
More viscous than
parotid
mucous
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15.5
Pharynx and Esophagus
Listen
Write
Pharynx and Esophagus
• Pharynx
• Cavity posterior to the mouth
• Connects nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus
• Structures of the Pharynx
• Nasopahrynx
• Provides air from nasal cavity
• Oropharynx
• Passageway for food from mouth
• Movement of air to and from nasopharynx
• Laryngopharynx
• Passage way to esophagus
• Epiglottis
• Membrane that blocks trachea when swallowing
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Swallowing Mechanism
1. Soft Palate/uvula rises preventing food from entering
the nasal cavity.
2. Epiglottis blocks trachea
3. Tongue presses against soft palate separating oral
cavity from pharynx
4. Muscle contraction pulls pharynx upwards towards
the food
5. Lower portion of pharynx relax and open esophagus
6. Peristalsis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pNcV6yAfq-g
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Esophagus
• Esophagus
• Straight collapsible tube
• Food passageway
• Lower esophageal sphincter
• Prevent stomach acid from going up into the esophagus
• Heartburn Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTUCtDqcYkg
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15.6 Stomach
Listen
Write
Stomach
• Stomach
• J Shaped wrinkly Pouch
• 1 liter capacity
• Mixes and digests food
Draw and Label
Parts of the Stomach
• Cardiac Region
• Fundic Region
• Body Region
• Pyloric Region
• Pyloric Canal
Write
Gastric Secretions
• Gastric Glands
• Composed of 3 cell types
• Mucous cells
• Secrete mucous
• Chief Cells
• Digestive enzymes
• Parietal Cells
• Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
• All three fluids together = Gastric Juice
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Important Enzymes
• Pepsinogen:
• Inactive precursor to pepsin
• Pepsin:
• Digests proteins
Pepsinogen + Hydrochloric Acid = Pepsin
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Gastric Juice Regulation
• Gastric Juice is regulated nervously and hormonally
• Smell and taste can stimulate
• Hormones:
• Gastrin: Increases gastric juice production
• Choleocystokinenin: stops stomach contractions while
food empties into small intestine.
Listen
Write
Mixing and emptying action
• Chyme: Food + gastric Juice
• Movement of food:
• Liquids
• Fastest
• Carbohydrates
• Faster
• Proteins
• Medium
• Fats
• Slow
Write
15.7 Pancreas
Listen
Write
Pancreas
• Pancreas
• Function: Secretion
• Endocrine Secretions: Insulin
• Exocrine Secretion: Pancreatic Juice
• Pancreatic Juice
• Enzymes that digest
• Carbohydrates
• Pancreatic amylase
• Fats
• Pancreatic lipase
• Nucleic acids
• Nucleases
• Proteins
• Trypsin
• Chymotrypsin
• carboxypeptidase
Write
15.8 Liver
Write
Liver
• Functions:
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Maintain blood glucose levels
Converts proteins and carbohydrates into fat
Protein metabolism
Storage of vitamins
Helps destroy damaged red blood cells
Removes toxins (ex. Alcohol)
Bile production*
Listen
Detox Diets Article
• http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/de
c/05/detox-myth-health-diet-science-ignorance
Liver Structure
• Hepatic Lobules
• Functional unit of the liver
• Central vein
• Hepatic cells radiating out
• Hepatic Sinusoids
• Attach to hepatic portal vein
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5_BxsbmXcA
Blood from small intestine – Portal Vein - (High nutrient/low oxygen)
Blood from heart – hepatic artery - (Low Nutrient/high oxygen)
Bile Production
• Bile
• Yellowish green liquid produced by liver cells
• Composed of:
• Bile salts: Digest fats
• Bile pigments: products of red blood cell breakdown
• Bilirubin – why your poop is brown
• Cholesterol
• Electrolytes
Gall Bladder
• Function: Bile storage tank
Small Intestines
Structure:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Structure:
• Duodenum
• 25 cm
• C shaped
• Jejunum
• 2.5m
• Ilelum
• 3.5m
Small Intestine Structure
• Intestinal Villi
• Tiny projections
• Most numerous on
duodenum
• Greatly increase
absorption
Small Intestine secretions
• Enzymes
• Peptidase
• Proteins  amino acids
• Sucrase, maltase and lactase
• Carbohydrates  monosaccharides
• Intestinal lipase
• Fats  fatty acids and glycerol
15.10
Large Intestines
Structure
Structure
ASCENDING COLON
SIGMOID COLON
RECTUM
CECUM
DESCENDING COLON
TRANSVERSE COLON
Large Intestines Function
• Secretes Mucus
• Absorb Water and electrolytes
• Intestinal Flora
• Bacteria that break down what your body could not
• Example: Fiber
• Create Vitamins like B12 and K
• Excretes intestinal gas (farts)
Sphincters
• Sphincter: Ring of muscles that closes an opening
• Upper esophageal
• Gateway between mouth and esophagus
• Lower esophageal or cardiac sphincter
• Gate way between esophagus and stomach
• Pyloric Sphincter
• Gateway between stomach and small intestines
• Ileocecal
• Gateway between small intestines and large intestines
• Anal
• Sphincter at the end of the rectum
Upper esophageal Sphincter (Mouth/pharynx)
Lower esophageal Sphincter (esophagus/stomach)
Pyloric Sphincter (Stomach/Small Intestines)
Ileocecum Sphincter (Small/Large Intestines)
Anal Sphincter (Anus – outside)
Digestive System Activity
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•
•
•
Glue 3 pieces of printer paper together
Cut pieces of string according to length on your handout
Glue string onto the printer paper in the proper order
Draw in the accessory organs in the correct locations
• Salivary Glands (3), Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas
• Label the organs of the alimentary canal and the accessory organs
• Mouth or Tongue, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestines (Duodenum,
Jejunum, Ileum), Large Intestines(Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon,
Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon), Rectum, Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas,
Salivary Glands (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual)
• Read the rest of your handout
• *Please use the dark red string for the small intestines.
• That way I won’t run out of the other colors of string!
• Extra credit: Label the sphincters of the alimentary canal.
• Upper esophageal sphincter, lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter,
ileocecum sphincter, anal sphincter
Close read
• Please make sure you have a pencil or pen for your
school-wide close read post test!