Transcript Chapter 3 - Rye High School

Do Now
• Draw some animals in their natural habitat.
Include as many living and non-living
environmental features as possible.
• In your drawing, be sure to illustrate how each
aspect is interacting
Chapter 3
Ecosystems: What are they and how
do they work?
Chapter 3.1: What is Ecology
Core Case Study: Tropical Rain Forests
Are Disappearing
• Cover about 2% of the
earth’s land surface
• Contain about 50% of the
world’s known plant and
animal species
• Disruption will have three
major harmful effects
– Reduce biodiversity
– Accelerate global warming
– Change regional weather
patterns
Natural Capital Degradation: Satellite
Image of the Loss of Tropical Rain Forest
Bolivia 1975
2003
3-1 What Is Ecology?
• Concept 3-1 Ecology is the study of how
organisms interact with one another and with
their physical environment of matter and
energy.
Cells Are the Basic Units of Life
• Cell Theory
– All living things are composed of cells
• Eukaryotic cell
– Membrane bound, nucleus, genetic DNA
• Prokaryotic cell
– No distinct nucleus, no internal membranes
– Ex: bacteria
Structure of a Eukaryotic Call and a
Prokaryotic Cell
Species Make Up the Encyclopedia of Life
• Species
– Group of sexually reproducing organisms
• 1.75 Million species identified
• Insects make up most of the known species
• Perhaps 10–14 million species not yet identified
How are living things categorized?
• Classification
– Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species
• Binominal nomenclature
– Linnaeus
What do a mule and a liger have in
common?
Ecologists Study Connections in Nature
• Ecology
– Study of how organisms interact with their living (biotic)
environment, other organisms and with non living (abiotic)
environment
– What are abiotic elements?
• Soil, water, air, matter, energy
Levels or Organization
Levels of organization
• Population
– Group of individuals of same species living in the
same place at the same time
– Ex: mice in a field, people in a country…
– Genetic diversity varies slightly
Population of Glassfish in the Red Sea
& Diversity in Snails
• Habitat
– Place where population or organism lives
– What are the habitat requirements of various
organisms?
• Community
– All populations of different species living in a
particular place
• Ecosystem
– Community of different species interacting with
one another and their biotic and abiotic
environment
– Vary in size
– Natural or artificial
– No clear boundaries
– Not isolated from one another
• Biosphere
– Where life is found
Biosphere
Parts of the earth's air, water, and soil
where life is found
Ecosystem
A community of different species
interacting with one another and with their
nonliving environment of matter and energy
Community
Populations of different species living in a particular
place, and potentially interacting with each other
Population
Organism
Cell
Molecule
Atom
A group of individuals of the same species living
in a particular place
An individual living being
The fundamental structural and functional unit
of life
Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the
same or different elements
Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits
its chemical properties
Fig. 3-3, p. 52
Mini Activity…
• Pick your favorite living thing or one that you
are most familiar with. Draw a picture to
illustrate the levels or organization for that
species.
• Be sure to identify the levels or organization
Importance of Insects
Science Focus: Have You Thanked
the Insects Today?
• Pollinators
• Eat other insects
• Loosen and renew soil
• Reproduce rapidly
• Very resistant to extinction
What is happening to the
bumblebee?
• Silence of the Bees
Chapter 3.2 What keeps us and other
organisms alive?
Do Now:
What do you need to survive?
Pick and organism and list what it
needs to survive?
3-2 What Keeps Us and Other
Organisms Alive?
• Concept 3-2 Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the
sun through the biosphere, the cycling of nutrients within the
biosphere, and gravity.
The Earth’s Life-Support System Has
Four Major Components
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Geosphere
• Biosphere
Natural Capital: General Structure
of the Earth
Life Exists on Land and in Water
• Biomes
– Large regions with distinct climates and certain
species adapted to them
• Aquatic life zones
– Freshwater life zones
• Lakes and streams
– Marine life zones
• Coral reefs
• Estuaries
• Deep ocean
Major Biomes along the 39th Parallel
in the U.S.
Three Factors Sustain Life on Earth
• One-way flow of high-quality
energy beginning with the sun
– High quality energy can’t be
recycled
– Laws of thermodynamics
• Cycling of matter or nutrients
– Closed system
• Gravity
• Holds onto atmosphere
What Happens to Solar Energy
Reaching the Earth?
• UV, visible, and infrared energy
• Radiation
–
–
–
–
Absorbed by ozone
Absorbed by the earth
Reflected by the earth
Radiated by the atmosphere as heat
• Natural greenhouse effect
Ch 3.3: What Are the Major Components
of an Ecosystem?
Do Now: What factors limit the growth of
coral? What happens when the conditions for
ideal growth are not met?
3-3 What Are the Major Components
of an Ecosystem?
• Concept 3-3A Ecosystems contain living
(biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components.
• Concept 3-3B Some organisms produce the
nutrients they need, others get their nutrients
by consuming other organisms, and some
recycle nutrients back to producers by
decomposing the wastes and remains of
organisms.
Ecosystems Have Living and
Nonliving Components
• Abiotic
–
–
–
–
–
–
Water
Air
Nutrients
Rocks
Heat
Solar energy
• Biotic
– Living and once living
Range of Tolerance
Range of Tolerance for a Population
of Organisms
INSERT FIGURE 3-10 HERE
Factors That Limit Population
Growth
The physical
conditions of the
environment can
limit the
distribution of a
species.
Figure 3-12
Several Abiotic Factors Can Limit
Population Growth
• Limiting factor principle
– Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can
limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all
other factors are at or near the optimal range of
tolerance
What are the limiting factors for
each picture?
• Ex: precipitation, nutrients, temperature, sunlight,
dissolved oxygen, salinity
Producers and Consumers Are the Living
Components of Ecosystems (1)
• Producers, autotrophs
– Photosynthesis
–(6CO2 + 6H2O + solar
energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
– Chemosynthesis
–Without sunlight,
hydrothermal vents
(Hydrogen sulfide)
– Ex: green plants, algae,
phytopankton
• Consumers, heterotrophs
– Primary (herbivores)
– Ex: rabbits, grasshoppers, deer, zooplankton
– Secondary (carnivores)
– Spiders, frogs, some fish
– Third and higher level (feed on other carnivores)
– Lions, wolves, killer whale, hawks
• Omnivore
– Plants & animals
– Pigs, fox, humans
• Decomposers
– Final breakdown
– Bacteria, fungi
• Detritivores
– Feed on detritus (waste or dead remains of other
living things)
– Earthworms, some insects
• Aerobic respiration
-breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen
• Anaerobic respiration, fermentation
– Absence of oxygen
– End products: methane, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid,
hydrogen sulfide
Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling
Sustain Ecosystems and the Biosphere
• One-way energy flow
• Nutrient cycling of key materials
The Main Structural Components
of an Ecosystem
3-4 What Happens to Energy in
an Ecosystem?
• Concept 3-4A Energy flows through
ecosystems in food chains and webs.
• Concept 3-4B As energy flows through
ecosystems in food chains and webs, the
amount of chemical energy available to
organisms at each succeeding feeding level
decreases.
Food Webs & Energy Flow
Food chains involve a sequence of organisms, each of
which is the food for the next.
**ARROW DIRECTION SHOWS FLOW OF ENERGY!!!
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP
Energy Flows Through Ecosystems in
Food Chains and Food Webs
• Food chain
– Sequence of organisms serving as good source or
energy for next
• Food web
– Complex network of interconnected food chains
Food Web Activity
• Online Food Web Practice
Usable Energy Decreases with Each
Link in a Food Chain or Web
• Biomass
– Dry weight of all organic matter in the organisms
– Chemical NRG stored as biomass
• Ecological efficiency
– Percentage of usable chemical energy transferred
as biomass from one tropic level to the next
– Average efficiency10%
Pyramid of energy flow
• Why can the earth
support more people if
we eat at a lower tropic
level?
Some Ecosystems Produce Plant
Matter Faster Than Others Do
• Gross primary productivity
(GPP)
– Rate at which producers
convert solar NRG into
chemical NRG as biomass
• Net primary productivity (NPP)
– Rate at which producers use
photosynthesis to produce
and store chemical energy
minus the rate at which they
use some of the energy in
aerobic respiration
– NPP = GPP - R
What are nature’s three most productive and 3 least
productive systems?
3-6: How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems?
• Do Now: How are the scientists in the following pictures
conducting research? What kind of data do you think they are
collecting? How will this data be used?
3-6 How Do Scientists Study
Ecosystems?
• Concept 3-6 Scientists use field research,
laboratory research, and mathematical and
other models to learn about ecosystems.
Some Scientists Study Nature Directly
• Field research: “muddy-boots biology”
• New technologies available
– Remote sensors
– Geographic information system (GIS) software
– Digital satellite imaging
Some Scientists Study Ecosystems
in the Laboratory
• Simplified systems carried out in
– Culture tubes and bottles
– Aquaria tanks
– Greenhouses
– Indoor and outdoor chambers
• Supported by field research
Some Scientists Use Models to
Simulate Ecosystems
• Computer simulations and projections
• Field and laboratory research needed for
baseline data