Transcript Unit 12 Notes PPT

Unit 12 Ecology
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ECOLOGY - the study of interactions among
organisms with each other and with environment
BIOSPHERE - portion of planet where life exists
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Species - individuals that can breed with one
another
Population - all the individuals of the same
species (ducks) in an area
Community - all the populations that
live together in an area
Ecosystem - the community plus the physical
factors in an area (rain, light, soil..)
Examples:
Rotting Log
Koi Pond
Lake
Clump of Dirt
A field
An old maple tree
Biome - large area that has a particular climate,
and particular species of plants and animals that
live there (tundra)
Biosphere - the part of the earth that supports life
Quick Check
1. All the different populations in an area make up the
a) biosphere
b) ecosystem
c) community
2. Ecology is the study of the _________________ of
organisms with the environment.
3. The part of the earth that can support life is the _________.
4. All the living and non-living factors in an area make up the:
a) population
b) ecosystem
c) community
5. A desert, rain forest, tundra and grassland are all different
kinds of:
a) biospheres
b. biomes
c) biotics
Ecological Methods - how do we study ecology?
Observing Experimenting
Modeling
Models are used to
make predictions.
1. A group of animals that live in the same area and can
interbreed is called a (n) _____________________
2. The study of organisms and their interactions with the
environment is known as ___________________________
3. A large area that has a particular climate and distinct plants
and animals is called a ____________________________
4. All of the different populations living in an area (plants,
rabbits, coyotes...) is called the _________________________
5. An ecosystem includes all the living and ___________ factors
in an area.
6. The portion of the planet that can sustain life is the ________
7. Animals that can interbreed are called a(n) ____________
Energy Flow:
Autotrophs (producers) - capture energy and convert
to "food"
Ex. Plants
Heterotrophs (consumers) - must eat things
Ex. Animals
Types of Consumers
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Detritivores / Decomposers
*SUNLIGHT is the main source of
energy*
Photosynthesis - uses light energy to make
"food"
Chemosynthesis - makes food from
chemicals (some bacteria do this)
Some bacteria
live in deep
ocean vents,
and make their
food from
chemicals in
those vents
FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS
- shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem
*Note the direction of the arrows, they indicate where the energy is going
when one organism consumes another.
Each step in a chain or web is called a
TROPHIC LEVEL
3
2
1
Primary Productivity
the rate at which organic matter is created by producers
More plants = more productivity.
Which of the following ecosystems has the greatest primary
productivity?
a) rain forest
b) desert
c) tundra
Primary Consumers
(1st)
Secondary Consumers
(2nd)
Tertiary Consumers
(3rd)
* Find the Omnivore.
Ecological Pyramids
Energy Pyramid - shows how much energy is
produced at each level.
Pyramid of Numbers
Biogeochemical Cycles
(biology + geology + chemical)
RECALL:
Law of Conservation of Matter:
Matter is neither created or destroyed. It is
transformed, the same molecules are passed around.
Water Cycle
ground water - water reserves
transpiration (from plants)
evaporation (from bodies of water)
precipitation (from clouds)
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen
Quick Check
1. An organism that only eats plants is called a ______________________________
On a food web, this organism is also called a ____________________ consumer.
2. What human activities cause carbon to be released into the atmosphere?
3. An ecosystem can support a [ small number / large number ] of top predators.
4. In a pyramid of numbers, what type of organism makes up the base of the pyramid? [
producers / consumers / predators ]
5. When plants lose water from their leaves, it is called _______________________
6. When it rains, it is called _______________________________________
7. When liquid water turns into water vapor, it is called _______________________
8. What element makes up the majority of the earth’s atmosphere?
a) carbon dioxide
b) nitrogen
c) oxygen
9. On a food web, secondary consumers are eaten by _____________ consumers.
10. On a food web, arrows represent a) the flow of energy
b) the passage of time
Biomes
Environments are grouped into BIOMES
group of ecosystems that have same
climate & dominant communities
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
has most species, BIODIVERSITY
canopy = top
| understory = below canopy
hot & wet year round;
thin, poor soil
TROPICAL DRY FOREST
wet/dry seasons, warm year round
trees are deciduous -lose leaves
TROPICAL SAVANNA
grassland area, with a few trees
large animal herds & frequent fires
Lions
Zebra
Wildebeest
Gazelles
Elephants
Giraffes
Battle at Kruger
DESERT
dry (less than 25 cm rainfall/year)
extreme temperature changes (hot/cold)
cacti/succulent plants
organisms able to tolerate extreme conditions
Desert Mammals
Can you name these two?
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
plains & prairies; Midwest
very fertile soil
4 seasons - seasonal precipitation, less rain than
temperate forest
Animals of the grasslands
Prairie Dogs
Hawks / Eagles
Snakes
Sometimes deer
Foxes / Coyotes
Bison / Buffalo
TEMPERATE WOODLAND & SHRUBLAND
Chaparral= dominated by shrubs, frequent fires
example:Los Angeles, CA
TEMPERATE FOREST
deciduous trees lose leaves
rich in humus - decaying leaves
4 seasons - but more rain than grassland
Trees: Maple,
elm, oak, pine
Animals: squirrel,
songbirds, rabbits,
owls
NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS FOREST
also called a temperate rainforest
Mild temperatures
Pacific NW coast of United States & Canada
Many of the
same
animals
found in
temperate
deciduous
forests
BOREAL FOREST
(Taiga)
Evergreen forests
Bitterly long
winters/ short, mild
summers
Moose, black bear,
wolves
TUNDRA
permafrost = layer of permanently frozen subsoil
Strong winds -no trees, small plants
plants = mosses, lichens, grasses
animals = arctic fox, caribou
Other land areas include:
Mountain ranges
Polar ice caps (Arctic)
Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems
A. Flowing-water ecosystem, rivers, streams, creeks,
B. Standing- water ecosystem, lakes & ponds
Trout, herons, eagles, bass, bluegill, crayfish, water snakes,
turtles
Estuary = area where freshwater meets sea
Wetlands = water covers soil
Marine Ecosystem
A. Photic zone - area sunlight reaches
B. Aphotic zone- permanently dark
*Plankton - microscopic organisms found in water
Sharks, whales, dolphins, fish, anemones,
squid, sea gulls, pelicans, crabs, shrimp
Match the description or organism to its biome.
1. Monkeys & bromeliads
2. Caribou
3. Penguins
4. Low amount of rainfall (less than 25 cm), extreme temperatures
5. Also called a prairie
6. Has aphotic and photic layer
7. Maples, oaks, and red buds
8. Wildfires in California
9. Permafrost
10. Lions, zebras, giraffes
11. Cactus and succulent plants
12. Swamps and bogs and flooded areas
13. Canopy & Understory
14. Trout, Bass, Snapping Turtles
15. Pine trees, moose and wolves
Match the description or organism to its biome.
1. Monkeys & bromeliads - Tropical Rainforest
2. Caribou - Taiga (Coniferous Forest)
3. Penguins - Polar
4. Low amount of rainfall, extreme temperatures - Desert
5. Also called a prairie - Temperate Grassland
6. Has aphotic and photic layer - Ocean
7. Maples, oaks, and red buds - Temperate Deciduous Forest
8. Wildfires in California - Chaparral
9. Permafrost - Tundra
10. Lions, zebras, giraffes - Savanna
11. Cactus and succulent plants - Desert
12. Swamps and bogs and flooded areas - Wetlands
13. Canopy & Understory - Tropical Rainforest
14. Trout, Bass, Snapping Turtles - Freshwater (Lake, River)
15. Pine trees, moose and wolves - Taiga (coniferous)
1. Rainforests receive more [ light / rain / wind ] than other biomes.
2. Areas where the river meets the ocean: _________________
3. Freshwater ecosystems are classified as
a. salt or fresh
b. flowing or standing
c. deep or shallow
d. tropical or temperate
4. Natural disturbances, such as fire, can result in
[ succession / commensalism ]
5. Maple trees, oak trees and red buds are found in what biome? ___
6. The prairie and the savanna are both types of ______
7. When two organisms live in close association, it is called
[ succession / symbiosis / competitive exclusion
8. Where is plankton found? ________________
9. Temperate zones have [ extreme / mild ] temperatures.
10. The first species to enter a new ecosystem is called a
[opportunist / pioneer / successor ]
11. Two microscopic organisms are placed in a container with a
limited amount of resources. One species (X) lives in the bottom
of the container near the soil and sand and feeds from the scraps
that fall to the bottom. The other species (Y) spends its time
swimming in the open water and feeds from the food at the
surface. Each species therefore has a separate:
a. habitat
b. ecosystem
c. community
d. niche
12. In the container above, a third species is added (Z). This
organism also lives in the soil at the bottom and feeds from the
same things as Species X. After a period of time, scientists noted
that species X had disappeared from the container. This
illustrates:
a. competitive exclusion
b. symbiosis
c. parasitism
d. mutualism