Transcript Chapter 4
Warm Up – Dec. 19 •Which nutrient cycle pulls the nutrient from the rocks through the process of erosion? Chapter 4 What Shapes an Ecosystem? http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/? assetGuid=e9dddd1f-c6ae-4044-9e97f8261d67bf8b&fromMyDe=0&isPrinterFrien dly=0&provider=&isLessonFromHealth=0& productcode=DETB&isAssigned=false&incl udeHeader=YES&homeworkGuid= Community Interactions • Help shape ecosystems in which they live –Competition –Predation –Symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism Competition • Occurs when organisms attempt to use the same resources at the same time – Resource- any necessity for life (water, nutrients, light, food or space) • Competitive exclusion principle – No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time • Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on the body of the other Predation –Predator http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCWTtBLnD8 • The organisms that does the killing • Can be active (Lion) or passive (spider) –Prey Symbiosis • Any relationship in which two species live closely together –three main classes: • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism • http://www.youtube.com/wat Mutualism • Both species benefit –Flowers and insects • Flowers provide insects with food Commensa lism • One member in the relationship benefits and the other is neither hurt nor helped – Whales and barnacles – Barnacles attach to whales, movement of whale allows Parasitism • One member live http://animal.discovery.com/ tv-shows/rivermonsters/videos/fishswims-up-urine-stream.htm http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=ZmWKIQzRTow&saf ety_mode=true&persist_saf ety_mode=1 on or in another organism and feeds on its fluids or tissues, harming it –Parasite obtains its nutritional needs Ecological Succession • Ecosystems and communities are always changing in response to natural and human disturbances –Older inhabitants die out –New organisms Pioneer Species • First species to populate an area –Examples: • Lichens Primary Succession • Occurs on surfaces where no soil exists – Lava field – Bare rock exposed by glacier melt • 1st species are pioneer species – Lichens move in an break down rock into soil – As lichens die they add organic matter to soil Secondary • OccursSuccession on surfaces where soil already exists – Plowed fields – Burned woodlands • Grasses begin to grow • Shrubs begin to grow • Trees begin to grow • Will eventually form a mature Warm Up •What kind of succession is occurring across from food lion? Bio mes • A complex of terrestrial communities that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and plants and animals – Organisms are uniquely adapted to life in their biome Biomes Biomes and Microclimate • Climate determines which organisms can survive in which biome • Conditions in temperature and precipitation can vary from the conditions surrounding it – Microclimate http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=ocpuuaNwMSw&featur e=related Climatogram • A graph that shows the average monthly temperature and precipitation for an area The Major Biomes • 10 terrestrial biomes – Tropical Rain Forest – Tropical Dry Forest – Tropical Savanna – Desert – Temperate Grassland (Prairie) – Temperate Woodland and Shrubland (Chaparral) – Northwest Coniferous Forest (Temperate Rain Forest) – Temperate Deciduous Forest – Boreal Forest The Major Biomes • Aquatic biomes – Freshwater • Flowing- streams • Still- lakes, ponds and wetlands – Brackish • Marshes • Mangrove swamps – Saline • Oceans • Hypersaline Lakes Tropical Rain Forest • Highest biodiversity (more species than all other biomes combined) • Abiotic factors – Hot – Wet – Nutrient poor soil • Dominant Plants – Broad leaf evergreens – Ferns • Dominant Animals – Sloths, tapirs and capybaras – Jaguars, anteaters and monkeys – Toucans, parrots and parakeets • Geographic distribution • Trees drop leaves in dry season (deciduous) • Abiotic factors: – Warm year round – Wet and dry season – Rich soil • Dominant Plants: – Deciduous trees – Succulents • Dominant Wildlife: – Tigers – Monkeys – Elephants – Rhinoceroses • Geographic Distribution: – Africa, S and C America, Mexico, India and Australia Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Savanna • Abiotic Factors: – Warm temperatures – Seasonal rainfall – Frequent fires • Dominant Plants: – Perennial grasses – Drought and fire resistant trees and shrubs • Dominant Wildlife: – Lions – Elephants – Zebras – Giraffes • Geographic Distribution: • Abiotic Factors: – Low precipitation – Variable temperatures (hot during daytime, cold nighttime) – Soil rich in minerals, poor in organic matter • Dominant Plants: – Cacti – Succulents • Dominant Wildlife: – Mountain lions – Kangaroo rats – Roadrunners – Snakes – Tortoises • Geographic Distribution: – Africa, Asia, Middle East, US, Mexico, S America and Australia Desert • Abiotic Factors: – Hot summers, cold winters – Moderate seasonal precipitation – Fertile soil – Fires • Dominant Plants: – Fire and drought resistant grasses • Dominant Wildlife: – Coyotes – Bison – Snakes – Insects • Geographic Distribution: emperate Grassland • Temperate Woodland and Shrubland Abiotic Factors: – Hot dry summers, cool wet winters – Nutrient poor soil – Fires • Dominant Plants: – Evergreen shrubs – Fires need to help seeds germinate • Dominant Wildlife: – Coyotes – Mountain Lions – Deer – Butterflies • Geographic Distribution: • Abiotic Factors: – Cold winters, warm summers – Year round precipitation – Fertile soil • Dominant Plants: – Broadleaf deciduous trees – Herbs • Dominant Wildlife: – Deer – Black bears – Squirrels – Raccoons • Geographic Distribution: – N America, Europe, Japan, China and Australia Temperate Forest • Abiotic Factors: Northwest – Mild temperatures – Abundant precipitation – Rocky, acidic soil • Dominant Plants: – Douglas Fir – Hemlock – Redwood • Dominant Wildlife: – Bears – Elk – Owls • Geographic Coniferous Fores Boreal • Abiotic Factors: Forest – Long, cold winters – Short, mild summers – Moderate precipitation – Acidic, nutrient poor soil • Dominant Plants: – Coniferous Trees – Small, berry bearing shrubs • Dominant Wildlife: – Lynx – Timber wolves – Moose – Beavers • Geographic Distribution: • Abiotic Factors: – Strong winds – Low precipitation – Short summers – Long, dark winters – Permafrost – Poor soil • Dominant Plants: – Mosses – Lichens • Dominant Wildlife: – Musk Ox – Artic Fox – Caribou • Geographic Distribution: – N America, Europe Tundra Other Land • Some do not fall into Areasmajor biome categories: – Mountain ranges • Found on all continents • Conditions vary with elevation –Higher- colder and increased precipitation – Polar Ice Caps • Cold year-round • Moss and lichen are common