Transcript ICIT Workshops 11/10/2016 - Presentation on Fishery

ICIT-LIPI Workshop on:
Sustainable Fisheries
Dr Michael Bell
Research Associate, ICIT
Tuesday 11th October, 2016, 14:00-15:45
ICIT-LIPI Workshop on sustainable
fisheries
14:00-15:15
• Principles of sustainable fisheries
• Science in support of sustainable fishery
management
• Orkney case study
• Application in Indonesia?
15:15-15:45
• Visit to Stromness lobster ponds
Fisheries are important for:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food
Employment
Recreation
Trade
Ecosystems
Socio-economic well-being
Defining sustainability
Sustainable practices - meet the needs of the
present
- without compromising the
needs of the future
N.B.We interpret the present and project into the
future by understanding the past
“National and international
fisheries policies and
management practices that
better reflect the principles
of the Code of Conduct will
lead to an improved and
sustainable economic,
social and environmental
contribution of the fisheries
sector.”
Defining sustainability
• Fishery sustainability can be defined in wider terms
than target stocks
• A sustainable fishery:
– can be continued indefinitely at a reasonable level
– maintains and seeks to maximise ecological health and
abundance
– maintains the diversity, structure and function of the
ecosystem on which it depends as well as the quality of its
habitat, minimising the adverse effects that it causes
– is managed and operated in a responsible manner, in
conformity with local, national and international laws and
regulations
– maintains present and future economic and social options and
benefits
– is conducted in a socially and economically fair and
responsible manner
MSC Fishery Standard
Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Fishing –
reflect a recognition that a sustainable fishery
should:
Principle 1: Sustainable fish stocks
• be base upon healthy populations of target
species
Principle 2: Minimizing environmental impact
• maintain integrity of ecosystems
• develop and maintain effective fisheries
management systems
• comply with local /national / international laws
and agreements
Principle 3: Effective management
Principle 1
• Relates to the target stock(s)
• Intent is to ensure that long-term productive
capacity of target stock is maintained, account
being made for uncertainty and error
• Criteria:
– catch at levels that don’t compromise
productivity
– fishery allows rebuilding of depleted stocks
– reproductive capacity isn’t impaired by
alterations in stock structure (age, sex,
genetic)
Stock Status:
Target
reference
point
Fishing Mortality
Overfished
Not overfished
Outside safe
biological limits,
danger of stock
collapse
Harvested outside
safe biological limits
Overfishing
Within safe biological
limits
No
overfishing
Stock Biomass
Limit reference
point
Principle 2
• Relates to other species, habitats, ecosystems
• Intent is to encourage management from an
ecosystem perspective
• Criteria:
– natural functional relationships among
species maintained
– biological diversity not threatened
– avoids/minimises mortality to vulnerable
species
– depleted species in catch allowed to rebuild
Principle 3
• Relates to governance and management
systems
• Intent is to ensure that there is an institutional
and operational framework for implementing P1
and P2
• Criteria:
– management system criteria…
– operational criteria…
Main target species
• Creel (baited trap)
fisheries for
© Craig Taylor
– brown crab (Cancer
pagurus)
– European lobster
(Homarus gammarus)
– velvet crab (Necora
puber)
© Hans Hillewaert
Main target species
• Dive and dredge
fisheries for king
scallop (Pecten
maximus)
Tagged scallops for
mark recapture study
Inshore Fisheries Research
• Working with industry in Orkney to support a
Fishery Improvement Project for the creel
fisheries
– Fishery monitoring
– Stock assessment
– Supporting biological studies
Fishery Improvement Project
Principle
Component
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.2.1
1.2.2
Management
1.2.3
1.2.4
2.1.1
Retained
2.1.2
species
2.1.3
2.2.1
Bycatch species 2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3.1
ETP species 2.3.2
2.3.3
2.4.1
Habitats
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.5.1
Ecosystem
2.5.2
2.5.3
3.1.1
Governance and 3.1.2
Policy
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2.1
Fishery specific 3.2.2
management 3.2.3
system
3.2.4
3.2.5
Outcome
1
2
3
PI
Performance Indicator
Stock status
Reference points
Stock rebuilding
Harvest Strategy
Harvest control rules and tools
Information and monitoring
Assessment of stock status
Outcome
Management
Information
Outcome
Management
Information
Outcome
Management
Information
Outcome
Management
Information
Outcome
Management
Information
Legal and customary framework
Consultation, roles and responsibilities
Long term objectives
Incentives for sustainable fishing
Fishery specific objectives
Decision making processes
Compliance and enforcement
Research plan
Management performance evaluation
Total number of PIs less than 60
Total number of PIs 60-79
Total number of PIs equal to or greater than 80
Overall BMT Index
Actual
Year 1
60-79
≥80
--<60
<60
<60
≥80
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
60-79
<60
≥80
60-79
≥80
60-79
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
Expected
Year 2
60-79
≥80
--<60
<60
60-79
≥80
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
60-79
<60
≥80
60-79
≥80
60-79
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
Expected
Year 3
60-79
≥80
--<60
<60
≥80
≥80
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
<60
≥80
60-79
≥80
60-79
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
Expected
Year 4
60-79
≥80
--60-79
60-79
≥80
≥80
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
Expected
Year 5
≥80
≥80
--60-79
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
Actual
Year 2
60-79
≥80
--<60
<60
60-79
≥80
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
60-79
<60
≥80
60-79
≥80
60-79
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
4
6
20
3
7
20
3
5
22
0
5
25
0
3
27
3
7
20
3
6
21
0.77
0.78
0.82
0.92
0.95
0.78
0.80
Status
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
Actual
Year 3
60-79
≥80
--<60
<60
≥80
≥80
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
≥80
60-79
<60
≥80
60-79
≥80
60-79
60-79
≥80
≥80
≥80
Status
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
Behind
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
On Target
Ac
Ye
---------------------------------------------------------------
Stock Assessment
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Offshore
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Offshore
Inshore
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185+
Inshore
Number landed
Males
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195+
Number landed
Females
Size class (mm CW)
Size class (mm CW)
Spawning potential
Spawning
Potential
Relative yield
Relative
Yield
100
90
80
70
90-100
60
80-90
50
70-80
40
60-70
30
50-60
20
40-50
10
30-40
0
0
20-30
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
10-20
0-10
100-110
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
90-100
80-90
70-80
60-70
50-60
40-50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
1.8
0
2
0.4
0.6
1
0.8
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
30-40
20-30
10-20
0-10
Supporting biological
studies
• Brown crab size at maturity
Females
Percentage Mature
– Criteria for spawning potential
– Minimum legal size
mm
Males
Percentage Mature
Carapace Width (mm)
mm
Carapace Width (mm)
Supporting biological
studies
• Juvenile lobster habitat
selection – for selection
of substrates for habitat
enhancement at marine
renewable energy
developments
Indonesian fisheries?
•
•
•
•
•
Fishing methods
Species
Environment
Management
Opportunities for defining sustainably fished
units
• Obstacles for sustainable fishery management
Potentially sustainable fisheries?
• Species
• Fishing methods
• Socio-economic
context
• Management
measures
• Monitoring
•
•
•
•
•
Stock assessment
Ecosystem context
Non-target species
Habitats
External factors
– Markets
– Technology needs
– Fishers from outside
Fisheries and marine
renewables
• Principal interactions are likely to be spatial
– Displacement of fishing effort
– Opportunity for spatial management
– Mobility of target species is an important factor
– De facto Marine Protected Area
• Opportunity for habitat enhancement for juvenile
lobsters
• Socio-economic factors
– Employment opportunities (e.g. guard vessels)
– Enhanced maritime infrastructure and services
Squid
Queens
Nephrops
Squid
Queens
Nephrops
Mussels
Lobsters
Green Crab
Cockles
Brown Crab
Whiting
Sole
Saithe
Rays
Plaice
8
Mussels
15
Lobsters
Green Crab
Cockles
Brown Crab
Whiting
Sole
Saithe
Rays
Plaice
76%
Monkfish
Ling
Halibut
Haddock
Cod
Mackerel
Herring
Blue Whiting
Overlap (%)
10
Monkfish
Ling
Halibut
Haddock
Cod
Mackerel
20
Herring
Blue Whiting
Overlap (%)
Fishery overlaps with wave
and tidal energy resources
Tidal Power
All areas
6
Inside 12 miles
4
2
0
Wave Power
All areas
Inside 12 miles
10
5
0
• Low overlap at a
national scale
• Potentially greater
importance at local
scales
• Greatest potential
interactions with
small inshore fleets
Distribution of inshore fishing
• Vessels <15m length do not have
Vessel Monitoring Systems
• Crown Estate and Marine Scotland
supporting Succorfish monitoring of
creel vessels in Orkney
– For use by developers in planning
– Evidence of activity for fishermen
– Link to log-books for fishery monitoring
Succorfish
unit
Spatial fishery models
• Relative carrying capacities of
areas open and closed to the
fishery
• Rate of stock mixing between
open and closed areas
NO CLOSURE
20% CLOSURE
YIELD
20% CLOSURE, MORE MIXING
FISHING EFFORT
NO CLOSURE
20% CLOSURE
20% CLOSURE, MORE MIXING
STOCK SIZE
Simple spatial models of fisheries
show that closed areas confer
increased resilience to
exploitation, depending
principally on:
FISHING EFFORT
Spatial fishery models
If habitat is modified within closed areas, this can influence
fishery resilience effects:
Spawning Potential
Relative Yield
12000
800
SSB per Recruit (g)
Yield per Recruit (g)
Open fishery
10000
20% closed area, reef effect
with slow movers
8000
6000
4000
600
400
Open fishery
20% closed area, reef effect
with slow movers
200
2000
0
0
0
0.5
F20%
1
Fishing Effort
1.5
2
0
0.5
Fmax
1
Fishing Effort
(in the absence of habitat modification, this model scenario showed
negligible effects on fishery resilience)
1.5
2
Spatial fishery models
• Consequence of closure depends
heavily on where effort is displaced to
• Understanding fishery targeting
behaviour is important
Inshore closure
Offshore closure
Movement data used to
construct individual-based
model for thornback ray
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