Transcript Chapter 3 - Derry Area School District

Chapter 3 Communities, Biomes,
and Ecosystems
Section 1: Community Ecology
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Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Communities
 A biological
community is a
group of
interacting
populations that
occupy the same
area at the same
time.
Oasis
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Communities
 Therefore, your community also includes plants,
other animals, bacteria, and fungi.
 Not every community includes the same variety
of organisms.
 An urban community is different from a rural
community and a desert community is different
from an arctic community
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Communities
 Organisms adapt to the conditions in which they
live.
 Depending on which factors are present, and in
what quantities, organisms can survive in some
ecosystems but not in others.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Limiting Factors
 Any abiotic factor or biotic factor that restricts the
numbers, reproduction, or distribution of
organisms is called a limiting factor.
 Aboitic factors includes sunlight, climate,
temperature, water, nutrients, fire, soil chemistry,
and space.
 Biotic limiting factors include living things, such as
other plant and animal species.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Limiting Factors
 Factors that restrict the growth of one population
might enable another to thrive.
 For example, in the oasis, water is limiting factor
for all of the organisms.
 Temperature also might be a limiting factor.
 Desert species must be able to withstand the heat
of the Sun and the cold temperatures of desert
nights.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Range of Tolerance
 An upper limit and lower limit that define the
conditions in which an organism can survive
 For example, steelhead trout live in cool, clear
coastal rivers and streams from California to
Alaska.
 The ideal range of water temperature for
steelhead trout is between 13ºC and 21ºC.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Range of Tolerance
 However, steelhead trout can survive water
temperatures from 9ºC to 25ºC.
 At these temperatures, steelhead trout
experience physiological stress, such as inability
to grow or reproduce.
 They will die of the water temperature goes
beyond the upper and lower limits.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Range of Tolerance
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Range of Tolerance
 The ability of any organism to survive when
subjected to abiotic factors or biotic factors is
called tolerance.
 That is, the range of tolerance of water
temperature for steelhead is 9ºC to 25ºC.
 Notice the greatest number of steelhead live in
the optimum zone in which the temperature is
best for survival.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Range of Tolerance
 Between the optimum zone and the tolerance
limits lies the zone of physiological stress.
 At these temperatures, there are fewer fish.
 Beyond the upper tolerance limit of 25ºC and the
lower tolerance limit of 9ºC, there are no
steelhead trout.
 Therefore, water temperature is a limiting factor
for steelhead when water temperature is outside
the range of tolerance.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Ecological Succession
 Ecosystems are constantly changing.
 Forest fires can be good and even necessary for
the forest community.
 Forest fires return nutrients to the soil.
 Some ecosystems depend on fires to get rid of
debris.
 A forest fire might change the habitat so
drastically that some species no longer can
survive, but other species might thrive.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Ecological Succession
 The change in an ecosystem that happens when
one community replaces another as a result of
changing abiotic and biotic factors is ecological
succession.
 There are two types of ecological succession—
primary succession and secondary succession.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
 On a solidified lava flow or exposed rocks on a
cliff, no soil is present.
 The establishment of a community in an area of
exposed rock that does not have any topsoil is
primary succession.
 Primary succession usually occurs very slowly at
first.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
 As pioneer organisms die, their decaying organic
materials, along with bits of sediment from the
rocks, make up the first stage of soil
development.
 At this point, small weedy plants, including ferns
and other organisms such as fungi and insects,
become established.
 As the organisms die, additional soil is created.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
 Seeds, brought in by animals, water, or wind,
begin to grow in the newly formed soil.
 Eventually enough soil is present so that shrubs
and trees can grow.
 The stable, mature community that results when
there is little change in the composition of
species is a climax community.
 Scientists today realize that disturbances, such
as climate change, are ongoing in communities,
thus a true climax community is unlikely to occur.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
 Disturbances such as fire, flood, or a windstorm
can disrupt a community.
 After a disturbance, new species of plants and
animals might occupy the habitat.
 Overtime, there is a natural tendency for the
species belonging to the mature community to
return
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
 The orderly and predictable change that takes
place after a community of organisms has been
removed but the soil has remained intact is
secondary succession.
 Pioneer species – mainly plants that begin to
grow in the disturbed area – are the first species
to start secondary succession.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment
Standardized Test Practice
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Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Mosses and lichens are the first organisms to
appear during which ecological stage of an
ecosystem?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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C
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B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. primary succession
B. secondary succession
C. climax community
D. end succession
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Formative
Questions
What is a group of interacting populations that
occupy the same area at the same time?
A. a biome
B. a community
C. an ecosystem
D. an environment
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
0%
B
0%
C
A
B
C
D
0%
D
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Formative
Questions
What occurs in the process of ecological
succession?
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B
A
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A
B
C
D
0%
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D
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A. Environmental factors affect
the survival of organisms.
B. One biological community
replaces another in
the ecosystem.
C. Organisms adapt to new
biotic and abiotic factors.
D. Pioneer species move in
and replace existing species.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Based on the
information in the
graph, what can be
inferred about carbon
dioxide in the
atmosphere?
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Answer: The measured increase of carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere
is mainly due to the burning of
fossil fuels. As carbon dioxide
levels have increased, the
average global temperature has
increased.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Use the figure below to infer which abiotic factor
might limit the survival of steelhead trout.
Answer: Temperature
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Standardized Test
Practice
What is the most critical limiting factor
for a polar bear?
A. precipitation
B. soil type
C. sunlight
D. temperature
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
¤C
¤B
¤D
0%
B
A
B
C
D
0%
C
0%
D
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Standardized Test
Practice
The mature
community in
this diagram is
a true climax
community.
A. true
B. false
A
¤B
0%
A
B
0%
B
1.
2.
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Standardized Test
Practice
For which biome was this data collected?
Average precipitation: 38–100 cm per year
Temperature range: 10°C–40°C
Abiotic factors: summers are very hot and dry;
winters are cool and wet
1.
2.
3.
4.
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C
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
D
A. desert
B. boreal forest
C. temperate woodland
D. tropical seasonal forest
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Standardized Test
Practice
What type of
community is likely
to exist near the top
of a mountain?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
¤B
¤C
0%
C
0%
B
¤D
0%
A
B
C
D
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D
A. tundra
B. arctic desert
C. coniferous forest
D. temperate grassland
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Vocabulary
Section 1
community
limiting factor
tolerance
ecological succession
primary succession
climax community
secondary succession