Transcript Organisms and Their Environment

What is
Ecology?
1
Organisms
and Their
Environment
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What is Ecology??
• Study of interactions between
organisms and their
environment.
• Explains how living organisms
affect each other and the
world.
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Habitat & Niche
• Habitat =place
a plant or
animal lives
• Niche =
organism’s
total way of
life
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The Nonliving Environment
• Abiotic factorsnonliving parts of
environment.
• Ex. temperature,
moisture, light
• Abiotic factors affect
an organism’s life.
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The Living Environment
• Biotic factors- living
organisms
• All organisms depend on
others directly or
indirectly for food,
shelter, reproduction, or
protection.
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
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Levels of
Organization
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What are the Simplest Levels?
• Atom
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• System
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Levels of Organization
• Different levels according to
complexity.
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1st Level of Organization
• Organism:
Individual made
of cells, uses
energy,
reproduces,
responds, grows,
and develops
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2nd Level of Organization
• Population:
Group of
organisms of
same species,
which
interbreed and
live in the
same place at
the same time.
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3rd Level of Organization
• Biological
Community:
All populations
of different
species that
live in the same
place
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4th Level of Organization
• Ecosystem:
Populations of plants
and animals that
interact with each
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5th Level of Organization
• Biosphere:
The
portion of
Earth that
supports
life.
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Energy Flow
• Energy originally comes from the
sun
• flows from producers to consumers
– Producers (make food)
– Consumers (use food by eating
producers or other consumers)
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Autotrophs
• Organism that produce food
• Called Producers
• ex. plants, algae, some protists,
& some bacteria
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Niche (ROLE) of a
Producer
• photoautotrophs = use light
energy (e.g. plants)
• chemoautotrophs = use chemical
energy
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Chemoautotrophs
• Capture energy from
inorganic molecules
such as Hydrogen
Sulfide
• Process is called
Chemosynthesis
Called a Black
smoker (thermal
vent)
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Consumers
Heterotrophs eat other
organisms (e.g. animals)
• Herbivores
– Eat Only Plants
• Carnivores
– Eat Only Other
Animals
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Consumers
Heterotrophs eat other organisms
• Omnivores (Humans)
– Eat Plants & Animals
• Detritivores (Scavengers)
– Feed On Dead Plant & Animals
(DETRIUS)
• Decomposers
– Fungi & Bacteria
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Feeding Relationships
ConsumerDecomposers
• Breakdown the
complex compounds
of dead and
decaying plants and
animals into simpler
molecules that can
be absorbed
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together
3 Types of
symbiosis:
1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalismone species benefits
and the other is
neither harmed nor
helped
Ex. orchids on a tree
Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical
orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another
plant upon which it depends for mechanical
support but not for nutrients. Also called
xerophyte, air plant.
Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalismone species benefits
and the other is
neither harmed nor
helped
Ex. polar bears and
cyanobacteria
Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitismone species benefits (parasite) and
the other is harmed (host)
• Parasite-Host relationship
Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- parasite-host
Ex. lampreys,
leeches, fleas,
ticks, tapeworm
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualismbeneficial to
both species
Ex. cleaning birds
and cleaner
shrimp
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualismbeneficial to both species
Ex. lichen
Type of
Species
relationship
harmed
Commensalism
Parasitism
Mutualism
= 1 species
Species
benefits
Species
neutral
Feeding Relationships
Energy flows in
one direction
from producers
to consumers
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Feeding Relationships
• Food Chain
– Energy path through an
ecosystem
• Food Web
– path made of many food chains
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Food Chain
1st
order
Consumer
2nd Order
Consumer
3rd
Order
consumer
4th Order
Consumer
Producer (trapped
sunlight & stored food)
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Name the Producer,
Consumers & Decomposers
in this food chain:
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Food Web
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Trophic Levels
Each Level In Food Chain or Food
Web =Trophic Level.
• Producers
– First Trophic Level
• Herbivores
– Second Trophic Level
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Trophic Levels
• Carnivores/Omnivores
–Make Up Remaining
Trophic Levels
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Ecological Pyramids
Graphic of Relative Amounts of
Energy or Matter At Each
Trophic Level
May be:
Energy Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
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Energy Pyramid
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Biomass Pyramid
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Pyramid of Numbers
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•Begins with the
SUN
•Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll
C6H12O6 + 6O2
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• Photosynthesis
• plants use water & carbon dioxide to
make glucose
• Glucose is stored as starch in plants
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Producers use
cellular
respiration to
supply the energy
they need to live.
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Consumers that eat
producers to get energy:
• Are first order (1st) or
primary consumers
• herbivores
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A consumer that eats a
consumer that already
ate a consumer:
• 3rd order or
tertiary consumer
• carnivore or omnivore
• May be a predator
• May be a scavenger
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Consumers that hunt are
predators.
The hunted animals are
prey.
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Consumers that eat
dead consumers are
scavengers
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Food Chains Show Available
Energy
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More Food Chains
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Another way
of showing
the transfer
of energy in
an ecosystem
is the
ENERGY
PYRAMID
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Energy Pyramids Show
•Available energy
decreases for higher
consumers
•Large number of
producers to support
a small number of
primary consumers
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Food Webs:
• interconnected
food chains
• show feeding
relationships in
ecosystems
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How Many Chains are in
this web?
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Identify the Producers, Consumers, &
Decomposers:
Count the
Food
Chains!
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Nutrient Cycles
Cycling maintains homeostasis
(balance) in the environment.
•3 cycles to investigate:
1. Water cycle
2. Carbon cycle
3. Nitrogen cycle
Water cycle•Evaporation, transpiration,
condensation, precipitation
Water cycle-
Carbon cycle•Photosynthesis and respiration
cycle carbon and oxygen through
the environment.
Carbon cycle-
Nitrogen cycleAtmospheric nitrogen (N2) makes up nearly
78%-80% of air.
Organisms can not use it in that form.
Lightning and bacteria convert nitrogen into
usable forms.
Nitrogen cycleOnly in certain bacteria and industrial
technologies can fix nitrogen.
Nitrogen fixation-convert atmospheric
nitrogen (N2) into ammonium (NH4+)
which can be used to make organic
compounds like amino acids.
N2
NH4+
Nitrogen cycleNitrogen-fixing
bacteria:
Some live in a
symbiotic
relationship with
plants of the legume
family (e.g.,
soybeans, clover,
peanuts).
Nitrogen cycle•Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live
free in the soil.
•Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are
essential to maintaining the fertility
of semi-aquatic environments like rice
paddies.
Lightning
Atmospheric
nitrogen
Nitrogen Cycle
Denitrification
by bacteria
Animals
Nitrogen
fixing bacteria
Decomposers
Ammonium
Nitrification
by bacteria
Plants
Nitrites
Nitrates
Toxins in food chainsWhile energy decreases as it moves up
the food chain, toxins increase in
potency.
•This is called biological magnification
Ex: DDT & Bald Eagles
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