Transcript easy EOCx

What theory explains how the Universe
was FORMED?
• Earth When gas and rocky
debris CRASHED together
3 Domains
• EUKARYA– Plant
– Animal
– Protist
– fungus
•
PROKARYA
• ARCHAEBACTERIA
Ch 15, 16 - EVOLUTION
• What CAUSES so much
BIODIVERSITY on Earth?
_____________ over time
• How much biodiversity
2.0 million species and increasing!
24 March 2009
Biodiversity.ppt
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
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• Species: organisms that are:
-similar in structure and
-can reproduce successfully
• Over time, we see the following happen to
species:
1. They change for the better  adapt
2. They change so much they become a different
species  speciation
3. They go extinct
What is Classification?
• Classification is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly groups based on their
similarities
• Classification is also known as taxonomy
• Taxonomists are scientists that identify &
name organisms based upon structure
• Organisms are named Genus, species
– Binomial nomenclature
– Linnaeus
– Homo sapiens “humans”
copyright cmassengale
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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• Does
• King
• Phillip
• Care
• Only
• For
• Good
• Sex!
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Primate
Cladogram
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CHARLES DARWIN – 1809-1882
• ENGLISHman
• TRAVELED AROUND THE WORLD ON THE
BEAGLE SHIP
• FAMOUS for studying FINCHES(bird) IN THE
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
• He wondered, “WHY DID SOME SPECIES
SURVIVE WHILE OTHERS BECAME
EXTINCT?”
• His term  NATURAL SELECTION
– Survival of the fittest
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Common Descent with Modification
• Darwin proposed that
organisms descended
from common
ancestors
• Idea that organisms
change with time,
diverging from a
common form
• Caused evolution of
new species
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b) Divergent evolution
= adaptive radiation
single ancestor splits into different
species to “fit” better in
environment
Ex.  cichlid fish split into different
species based on what they eat
d) Coevolution
two species totally dependent on
each other they evolved together
(mutualism)
Ex.  Bumblebees need nectar and
flowers need pollination
a) Convergent evolution
different species evolve similar traits.
EXAMPLE: fish, water reptiles, and
water mammals all evolved
streamlined bodies
Evidence of Evolution
Key Concept
Darwin Argued That Living Things Have Been
Evolving On Earth For Millions of Years.
Evidence For This Process Could Be Found
In:
– The Fossil Record
– The Geographical Distribution of Living
Species
– Structures of Living Organisms
– Similarities In Early Development
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Evolution in Anatomy
• 1. Homologous structures• Similar structures, different functions
• Ex. Bat wing vs human arm, etc.
• 2. Analogous structures• similar functions, different structures
–Ex: bird and insect wings
• 3. Vestigial structures- structures that no
longer used for their original function
– Ex. – appendix, tonsils, coccyx, male
nipples, wisdom teeth…
• 4. Similar Embyros- some embryos of different
species are VERY close in appearance
– Did we all come from the same ancestor?
• HOW CAN THE GENE POOL (genes in
an area) CHANGE?
–MUTATION
–GENETIC DRIFT
–MIGRATION
–GENETIC RECOMBINATION
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
What is Ecology??
• The study of interactions that
take place between organisms
and their environment.
• It explains how living organisms
affect each other and the world
they live in.
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What is an environment?
• The environment of any organism includes
the following components:
– Abiotic Factors: non-living chemical and
physical factors such as temperature, light,
water
– Biotic Factors: the living components
Levels of
Organization
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What are the Simplest Levels?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
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Levels of ecological organization
What are the 2 things all ECOSYSTEMS
share? Energy and Matter
• 1. ENERGY
– In form of #1 source:
– Or source from heat:
– Or source from glucose:
5 most important elements
•
•
•
•
•
C carbon (organic)
H hydrogen
O oxygen
N nitrogen
P phosphorous
CYCLES of Life
•
•
•
•
•
Water
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
FOOD CHAINS AND WEBS
Energy Flow
• Energy in an ecosystem originally
comes from the sun
• Energy flows through Ecosystems
from producers to consumers
– Producers (make food)
– Consumers (use food by eating
producers or other consumers)
– Decomposers (break down),
recycle nutrients
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•PRODUCERS = Autotroph, Photosynthesis
•CONSUMERS = Heterotroph, Cellular Respiration
Herbivore – plants
Carnivore – living meat
Detrivore/Scavengers – dead meat
(carrion)
Omnivore – both
Food Web
1) Who would benefit if the fox population decreased?
2) What does the Hawk eat?
3) The frog and the bird compete for what?
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_______________ energy  _________________ energy
_______________ energy  _________________ energy
Feeding Relationships
• Food Chain
– Simple Energy path through an
ecosystem, starts with a producer and
ends with a consumer
• Food Web
– More realistic path through an ecosystem links
many food chains together
Energy Pyramid
- shows how energy is lost through an
ecosystem
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Hmmm. . Would there be more of PRODUCERS or
more of CONSUMERS? WHY?
• More of producers bc there needs to be
enough for the consumers to eat
So bottom level has:
MOST in NUMBER
MOST ENERGY
SMALLEST SIZE
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Plant small fish large fish  Bird
Producer? _____________________
Which organism is there the most of? _______________
Which organisms is there the least of?
__________________
What is the 3rd trophic level? ___________________
Which one is an herbivore? _____________________
What would happen if the large fish population decreased?
(2 things)
• Habitat – is the place
where an organism lives
out its life
– e.g. the habitat for a shark
is the ocean
• Niche – is the organisms’
job or role in the
ecosystem
– If 2 species are in the
same niche:
• They eat and need same
resources
• So they compete
• Best adaptations wins
YOUR HABITAT  North Bergen
YOUR NICHE  a Student
– Ex. The niche for a shark
is to eat everything it
can (scavenge)
Symbiosis
• Relationships formed between
organisms
– Mutualism (both benefit)
– Commensalism (one benefits/ other is
neither hurt or harmed)
– Parasitism (one benefits- parasite, other
hurts- host)
– Predator/Prey (predator eats the prey)
What type of relationship is it when one
species EATS the other?
• ____ # of prey, ____ # of predators
• ____ # predators, ____ # of prey, ___ # of predators
– Bc the prey are being eaten too much, there won’t be
any left to eat!
• ____ # predators, ____ # of prey
– Bc the prey are not being eaten as much
What are those ADVANTAGEOUS FEATURES
that allow an organism to try to survive
against PREDATORS?
• 3 types of DEFENSIVE ADAPTATIONS:
– MIMICRY
– WARNING COLORATION
– CAMOUFLAGE
3.6 – CHANGING ECOSYSTEMS
• _____________________ - ecological change
in a community over time
• Long-term change –
– Fields taken over by shrubs taken over by trees
• Short-term change – Tree knocked down by lightning
2 types of succession
• ______________ succession – changes from a lifeless environment
– Ex.
• Volcanoes
• glaciers
• ______________ succession - changes from a human change or natural
disaster
– Ex.
•
•
•
•
•
Floods
Farmland abondonment
Deforestation
Fires
Wind storms
Order of Succession
• Pioneer Species (lichens: plants and
decomposer)
• Moss and small plants
• Larger plants, shrubs
• Trees
• Climax community (final step)
Carrying Capacity – amount of individuals an area can support
- deaths=births so population does not grow
- sustainable
Environmental Issues
• Resource Use
• Population Growth
(exponential growthincrease very quickly)
• Pollution loss of ozone
layer and more CO2 in air
• Acid Rain
• Global warming
• Endangered species
Pollution
• Where does CO2 come from?
• Burning fossil fuels and less forests
• What are fossil fuels??
• Oil, natural gas, coal … our ENERGY these get
processed into electricity
• What does less forest have to do with more CO2 in
the air?
• No trees to take in CO2 in photosynthesis and release
O2….so a build up of CO2 in air
• Point vs. Non-point source pollution
Resource Use
• Renewable Resources - natural
resources that can be replaced in a
relatively short amount of time
(solar, wind, hydro, geothermal,
biomass…)
Nonrenewable Resources - those
that either take a very long time to
replace or cannot be replaced at all
(coal, nuclear, oil, natural gas)
Atmosphere
• OZONE LAYER
• Ozone is O3 so how do you make it?
• Oxygen (O2) + Monoxide (O)  Ozone (O3)
• What light wavelengths does it protect us from?
• UV (ultraviolet radiation)
• Eye Damage
• What is the “Hole in the Ozone Layer” ?
– Where layer of ozone doesn’t exist
• With a huge hole, what can UV do to us?
– Skin cancer! (Melanoma)
• How do you breakup Ozone (O3)?
– Release pollutants! SOX, NOX, Especially CFC’s and aerosol
Global Warming
• GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• How does a greenhouse work?
• Sun and warmth goes in, then traps warmth
inside
• What can be in our atmosphere that traps heat
from the sun?
• CO2 and CH4 (methane)
Global Warming
• What are the effects of warming the Earth?
– Ice caps melt
– Oceans rise
– Weather gets funky
– Animals/plants die if sensitive to temperature
ENDANGERED SPECIES
• The less species we have the less
• Estimated there are 5-100 MILLION different
species on Earth!
• We’ve discovered only 2 MILLION!
What can cause organisms to become
EXTINCT?
• Destroy habitat…habitat fragmentation (#1)
• Hunt…for food or fun or defensive
• Introduced invasive species…dominated native species
(#2)
• Natural disasters
– (finally, smthg that’s NOT our fault!)
Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic
Substances
• Hydrophilic
substances
– Polar
– Hydrogen bond
with water
– Example: sugar,
salt
• Hydrophobic
substances
– Nonpolar
– Repelled by
water
– Example: oil
The pH Scale
• Measures ______ concentration of fluid
• Change of 1 on scale means 10X change in H+
concentration
• Going from a pH of 3 to pH of 5 would be
100X, 36, 1000X
Highest H+
Lowest H+
0---------------------7-------------------14
Acidic
Neutral
Basic
Enzymes
-Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (Increase rates of) chemical rxn by
lowering the activation NRG
-Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order
to occur at rates sufficient for life.
-What do they DO:
lowering the activation energy
As a result, products are formed faster and reactions reach their
equilibrium state more rapidly.
-
Can they be affected: YUP!
- Inhibitors
- Concentration
- Temperature
Chemical RxN’s
• Equation for photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 12H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
What Are Atoms?
• Smallest particles that keep properties of an element
• Atoms are so small, their true structure can not be observed.
• Consist mostly of empty space. If the nucleus was a marble…..the 1st
energy level would be .5 miles away.
• Made up of 3 subatomic particles:
– Protons (+) have a detectable mass
– Electrons (-)
– Neutrons (no charge) have a detectable mass
– The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons
– Must have equal number of protons and electrons
IV. LARGE CARBON MOLECULES
A. Large Carbon Compounds are built up from
smaller simpler molecules called
_______________ (building blocks)
(MONO = ONE)
B. Monomers can bind to one another to form
complex molecules known as
_________________
(POLY = MANY)
C. A Polymer consist of repeated, linked units, forming
large polymers called
______________________
(MACRO = LARGE)
V. Types of Reactions
1. Condensation Reaction
AKA-Dehydration Synthesis
2. Hydrolysis
3.3 MOLECULES OF LIFE
Four categories of organic compounds:
• Carbohydrates  monosaccharide, sugars, ose
• Proteins amino acids, enzymes, ase
• Lipids fatty acid, membrane, energy storage
• Nucleic Acids Nucleotide, 3 groups, ATP, DNA
IV. Cell Shape
• Shape has to
do with
Change shape
function
• Ex. Skin,
nerve, white
blood cells
To engulf
Conditions
Environment
is
Inside
Cell is
Water will
move
If solute conc.
in the
environment is
lower than in
cell
If solute conc.
in the env. is
higher than in
the cell
Results
Cell swells,
may burst
Animal =
Cytolysis
Plant = Turgor
Pressure
Cell shrivels
and shrinks
Out of cell
Animal =
Crenation
Plant =
Plasmolysis
If solute conc in
the env is equal
to that of the
cell
Into and
out of cell
at equal
rates
No net
movement
Cell in Hypotonic Solution
10% NaCL
90% H2O
CELL
20% NaCL
80% H2O
What is the direction of water movement?
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Duplicated
EUKARYOTIC
PROKARYOTIC
• FOUND?
• FOUND?
• LOOKS LIKE?
• LOOKS LIKE?
The Cell Cycle
Fig. 8.4, p. 130
Name
the
Mitotic
Stages:
Interphase
Name this?
Prophase
Telophase
Name this?
Metaphase
Anaphase
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Meiosis I
Meiosis II
A. Found in the ________________ of the cell
B. Control _____________ synthesis and thus control cell
activities
C. Has shape of a ____________________(twisted ladder)
D. Building block is a _______________
NB
Evidence for DNA Structure:
1) 1951 – Chargaff determines that the
number of adenine always equaled the
number of thymine; and the number of
guanine always equaled the number of
cytocine
A=T and G=C
This is known as CHARGAFF’S RULE
(base-pairing rule)
Question:
• If there is 30% Adenine,
how much Cytosine is
present?
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RNA Differs from DNA
1. RNA has a sugar ribose
DNA has a sugar deoxyribose
2. RNA contains the base uracil (U)
DNA has thymine (T)
3. RNA molecule is single-stranded
DNA is double-stranded
4. 1 type of DNA
3 Types of RNA
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• DNA  DNA is __________________
– Occurs where ________________
– Enzymes involved __________________
• DNA  mRNA is _________________
– Occurs where ____________________
– Enzyme involved __________________
• mRNA Protein _________________
– Occurs where ________________
• Original DNA is AATTGCGCA
– Replicated __________________
– Transcript ___________________