Transcript Ch 4 - Monmouth Regional High School

Ecosystems and Communities
Chapter 4
4.1 Climate Pgs. 96-98
4.2 Niches and Community Interactions Pgs. 99-105
4.3 Succession Pgs. 106-109
4.4 Biomes Pgs. 110-116
4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems Pgs. 117-121
What does learning about ecosystems and communities have to do with
you? Watch this clip on the conservation of tropical rain forests and then
write your response below:
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1Y8iOnIqHk
Chapter 4 Vocabulary
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4.1 Pg. 96
Weather
Climate
Microclimate
Greenhouse effect
4.5 Pg. 117
•Photic zone
•Aphotic zone
•Benthos
•Plankton
•Wetland
•estuary
4.2 Pg. 99
•Tolerance
•Habitat
•Niche
•Resource
•Competitive
exclusion principle
•Predation
•Herbivory
•Keystone species
•Symbiosis
•Mutualism
•Parasitism
•Commensalism
4.3 Pg. 106
•Ecological
succession
•Primary
succession
•Secondary
succession
•Pioneer
species
4.4 Pg. 110
•Canopy
•Understory
•Deciduous
•Coniferous
•Humus
•Taiga
•Permafrost
Weather and Climate
 Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth’s
atmosphere.
 Climate refers to average conditions over long
periods and is defined by year-after-year patterns of
temperature and precipitation.
The main force that shapes our climate is solar
energy that arrives as sunlight that strikes Earth’s
surface.
The Greenhouse Effect
Explain the main idea of this diagram:
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=_OGc3K0w51Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKxviRFcRk&feature=channel
The Greenhouse Effect
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Methane
3. Water vapor
These are called “greenhouse gases” because they
allow visible light to enter but trap heat like a
greenhouse does. This is called the greenhouse
effect.
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If greenhouse gas concentrations rise, they trap
more heat, so Earth warms.
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If their concentrations fall, more heat escapes,
and Earth cools.
4.2 Niches and Community
Interactions Pgs. 99-105
– An organism’s niche describes not only the
environment where it lives, but how it interacts with
biotic and abiotic factors in the environment.
– In other words, an organism’s niche includes not
only the physical and biological aspects of its
environment, but also the way in which the
organism uses them to survive and reproduce.
Resources and the Niche
– The term resource can refer to any
necessity of life, such as water, nutrients,
light, food, or space.
– For plants, resources can include sunlight,
water, and soil nutrients.
– For animals, resources can include nesting
space, shelter, types of food, and places to
feed.
Competition
– How one organism interacts with other organisms is an
important part of defining its niche.
– Competition occurs when organisms attempt to use
the same limited ecological resource in the same place
at the same time.
The Competitive Exclusion
Principle
– states that no two species can occupy exactly the
same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the
same time.
http://animal.discovery.com/videos/survival
-guide-serengeti-leopard-competition.html
Predator-Prey Relationships
– An interaction in which one animal (the predator)
captures and feeds on another animal (the prey) is
called predation.
– Predators can affect the size of prey populations in
a community and determine the places prey can
live and feed.
– Birds of prey, for example, can play an important
role in regulating the population sizes of mice,
voles, and other small mammals.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3xmqbNsRSk&feature=channel
Symbioses
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YKAalZAqO4
– Any relationship in which two species live closely
together is called symbiosis, which means “living
together.”
– The three main classes of symbiotic relationships
in nature are:
1. Mutualism- both organisms benefit
2. Parasitism- one benefits while the other is
harmed
3. Commensalism-one benefits and the other is not
helped nor harmed.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqjMYEfViKA&feature=related
Mutualism
– The clownfish is immune to anemone stings. When
threatened by a predator, clownfish seek shelter by
snuggling deep into an anemone’s tentacles.
– If an anemone-eating species tries to attack the
anemone, the clownfish dart out and chase away
the predators.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
bZ1KDf3O-qU
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/play
er/animals/invertebrates-animals/otherinvertebrates/clownfish_amonganemones.html
Parasitism
– These are examples of parasitism, relationships
in which one organism lives inside or on another
organism and harms it.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMGLWyNcAs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMqtC8j
XvTw&feature=channel
Commensalism
– This is an example of commensalism, a
relationship in which one organism benefits
and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Primary Succession
– takes place on an area that is originally completely
empty of life. Over time, various kinds of organisms
begin to grow in the area.
Secondary Succession
– Sometimes, existing communities are not
completely destroyed by disturbances. In these
situations, secondary succession occurs.
– often follows a wildfire, hurricane, or other natural
disturbance. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ2Xl6ZqzRI
– Secondary succession proceeds faster than
primary succession, in part because soil survives the
disturbance. As a result, new and surviving
vegetation can regrow rapidly.
Why Succession Occurs
 One model of succession suggests that as one
species alters its environment, other species find it
easier to compete for resources and survive.
 As organic matter continues to accumulate, other
species move in and change the environment
further.
 Over time, more and more species can find
suitable niches and survive.
Succession After Human-Caused
Disturbances
– Ecosystems may or may not recover from
extensive human-caused disturbances.
– Clearing and farming of tropical rain forests, for
example, can change the microclimate and soil
enough to prevent regrowth of the original
community.
4.4 Biomes, Pgs 110-116
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFEV-hiP2gQ
 tropical rain forest
 tropical dry forest
 tropical grassland
savanna/shrubland
 desert
 temperate grassland
 temperate woodland
and shrubland
 temperate forest
 northwestern
coniferous forest
 boreal forest
 tundra
Defining Biomes
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Organisms within each biome can be characterized by
adaptations that enable them to live and reproduce
successfully in the environment.
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However, even within a defined biome, there is often
considerable variation among plant and animal
communities.
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These variations can be caused by differences in
exposure, elevation, or local soil conditions.

Local conditions also can change over time because of
human activity or because of community interactions.
4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems
Pgs. 117-121
Rivers and Streams
– often originate from underground water sources in
mountains or hills.
– Animals in many rivers and streams depend on
terrestrial plants and animals that live along their
banks for food.
Lakes and Ponds
– The food webs in lakes and ponds often are based
on a combination of plankton and attached algae
and plants.
– Water flows in and out of lakes and ponds and
circulates between the surface and the benthos,
distributing heat, oxygen, and nutrients.
Freshwater Wetlands
– A wetland is an ecosystem in which water either covers the
soil or is present at or near the surface for at least part of the
year.
– Wetlands are often nutrient-rich, highly productive, and
serve as breeding grounds for many organisms.
– Three main types of freshwater wetlands are:
1. freshwater bogs
2. freshwater marshes
3. freshwater swamps.
Saltwater wetlands are called estuaries.
Estuaries
– An estuary is a special kind of wetland, formed
where a river meets the sea.
– Estuaries contain a mixture of fresh water and salt
water, and are affected by the rise and fall of ocean
tides.
Open Ocean
– More than 90 percent of the world’s ocean area is
considered open ocean.
– The open ocean is divided into two zones based on light
penetration—the photic and aphotic.
Use the picture below to describe the photic and aphotic
zones:
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