Invasive Species
Download
Report
Transcript Invasive Species
Fighting/
competition
Breeding
Predator/
Symbiosis
prey
Different
species compete for space
or resources
Causes animals to shift niches,
adapt, evolve, migrate, or go
extinct
Animals
become more specialized in
what they eat/ where they live,
when they are active
Resource partitioning
Character displacement
Resource
partitioning:
Species
evolve ways to share limited
resources
Different times of day/ year
Different uses
Different places
Resource
Partitioning in
5 species of
Warbler
9-5
Resource partitioning via specialized
feeding niches:
Black skimmer
seizes small fish
at water surface
Flamingo
feeds on
minute
organisms
in mud
Brown pelican dives for fish,
which it locates from the air
Scaup and other
diving ducks feed on
mollusks, crustaceans,
and aquatic vegetation
Avocet sweeps bill through
mud and surface water in
search of small crustaceans,
insects, and seeds
Louisiana heron wades into
water to seize small fish
Dowitcher probes deeply
into mud in search of
snails, marine worms,
and small crustaceans
Oystercatcher feeds on
clams, mussels, and
other shellfish into which
it pries its narrow beak
Herring gull is a
tireless scarialavenger
Ruddy turnstone searches
under shells and pebbles
for small invertebrates
Knot (a sandpiper)
picks up worms and
small crustaceans left
by receding tide
Reduces competition and allows sharing of
limited resources
Piping plover feeds
on insects and tiny
crustaceans on
sandy beaches
Character
displacement:
Organisms
change physical
characteristics to become specialized
Finches develop different size and
shape beaks to reduce competition
Predator
eats prey species
Predators often feed on the old/
sickly/ weak/ least fit
This
reduces competition among prey
Predators
control prey populations
Problem:
both hypotheses assume
too much.
Top-down-
that lynx only eat rabbits
and rabbits are only eaten by lynx
Bottom-up- that only rabbits eat
veggies
Says
that predators control prey
pops
Ex: Lynx eat rabbits so rabbits
decrease. Rabbits decrease so there
is less food for the lynx so the lynx
crash. Less lynx means less
predators so rabbits increase which
allows the lynx to increase.
Food
sources influence population
Ex: Rabbits eat too much vegetation
so there isn’t enough food. Rabbits
crash. Veggies grow back and then
rabbits increase.
Pursuit:
Fast runners, ability to see
from above, hunt cooperatively in
packs
Ambush:
use camouflage to hide in plain
sight and surprise their prey
Chemical
into prey
warfare: bite and inject venom
Run,
swim, fly fast
Highly developed sight/ smell/
hearing
Protective shells/ bark/ spines
Change colors
Mimicry
Camouflage
Chemical warfare
Mimicry
Behaviors
Plants
develop many defense
chemicals
Pepper, caffeine, cyanide,
cocaine, opium, strychnine,
peyote, nicotine, rotenone,
mustard, nutmeg, oregano,
cinnamon, mint
One
organism lives on or in another
organism and lives off of it
Some
parasites have a different host
for each life stage
Two
species acting together so both
benefit
Pollination:
bees and flowers
Nutritional: coral and zooxanthellae
Food + protection: ox pecker birds and
rhinos
Gut inhabitation: bacteria in termites/
humans to aid in digestion
Two
species interact and one
benefits while the other is basically
unaffected
Species
that are normally found in a
particular area and they thrive in
that environment
A
species that is not originally found
in that location
Some are harmful, others are
benign, others are helpful
A
non-native species that DOES NOT
harm it’s new environment
Usually plants
Ex: Goldfish
Any non-native specie of plants,
animals, etc that:
Is
harmful to native critters
Negatively affects it’s new environment
Can hurt new environment economically
Examples: zebra mussels, brown anoles,
African bees, Kudzu
Zebra
mussels (Great
Lakes):
Released
via ship
ballasts (1988)
Filter
out nearly all the
phytoplankton (and
small zooplankton)
Bad
and good
2004!
Asian
green mussels in Tampa Bay
African bees:
Introduced into the wild
in South America (1956).
The Africanized bee
escaped and began to
dominate honey bee.
Kudzu
(from Japan)
Can
be on
purpose or on
accident
Monitor
lizards
and Burmese
Pythons in South
Florida/
Everglades
Pets that are
released when
they get too big to
handle safely
Lionfish
in the FL
Keys
Accidentally
introduced during
Hurricane Andrew
Massive efforts are
underway to curb
the population
Fishing, “delicacy”
at restaurants,
cookbooks
Species
that
serve as an
early warning
system for
damage/
danger/
pollution for a
community
Birds
and butterflies
Sensitive to environmental
changes
Both
bird and butterfly
populations are declining
worldwide…
Great
indicator
species
Super
vulnerable to
environmental
disruption at
different points
in their life
cycles
Eat
bugs (pesticides), no shell on
eggs (UV radiation), thin permeable
skin that easily absorbs pollutants
from the water and air
Not
just one thing
Declining in every region of the
world
Habitat loss, prolonged drought,
pollution, increase in UV radiation,
increased parasitism, & overhunting
1.
2.
3.
Tells us environmental conditions
are degrading
Amphibians are important parts of
ecosystems
They might have genetic secrets
humans want for Rx
Have
great effect on ecosystems
Loss can lead to population crashes or
even extinction of other species
Pollinators-
bees, hummingbirds,
butterflies, bats
Top predators- wolves, sharks,
bears, alligators
Waste management- dung beetles
Play
a major role in shaping the
community or habitat
Benefits other species
Ex: elephants knock down trees
which allow grasses to grow.
Antelopes eat the grass…
Physical appearance/ distribution
of species
Species diversity (Species richness
and evenness)
Niche structure (how many and
similarity)
What
does it mean if you say there
is high species richness but low
species evenness?
Latitude
Highest
near equator
Pollution
Net
(aquatic systems)
primary productivity
Habitat disturbance
Time
Species
Equilibrium Model
Rate at which new species
immigrate and established species
go extinct affects the number of
different species found on an island
Two
factors influence the extinction
and immigration rates:
Size
of the island- smaller island =
fewer species therefore it has low
immigration and high extinction rates
Distance from nearest mainlandAssuming equal rate of extinction on
two islands, one closer to mainland
will have higher immigration rates
Rate of immigration
or extinction
High
Low
Equilibrium number
Number of species on island
(a)
Immigration and extinction rates
Rate of immigration
or extinction
High
Low
Small island
Large island
Number of species on island
(b)
Effect of island size
Immigration
(near island)
Rate of immigration
or extinction
Extinction
Immigration
(far island)
Low
Far island Near island
Number of species on island
(c) Effect of distance from mainland
What
is a niche?
What is a fundamental niche?
What is a realized niche?
What
is a generalist species?
What is a specialist species?
Communities
change over time due
to disturbances and changing
ecological conditions
This gradual change is known as
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
Two types: primary and secondary
Gradual
establishment of biotic
communities on nearly lifeless
ground
Takes a very long time
Needs
soil!
Pioneer
species- first species attach
to bare rock, soil begins to gather
Lichens, mosses
Decompose and breakdown rock
Patches
of soil build up
Early successional plant species:
Small
annuals (live only for 1 year)
Small perennial grasses (live for at
least 2 years)
Thrive in harsh conditions, grow
quickly
Lichens
and mosses are eliminated
Hundreds
to thousands of years
later…
Soil becomes deeper an contains
more nutrients
Midsuccessional plant species
Herbs,
Trees
grasses, low shrubs
Trees
grow up and make lots of
shade
Late successional plant species
Mostly
trees
Must be able to tolerate shade
Can
occur in small ponds
Influx
of sediments can allow plants to
invade
Turns into a marsh and then dry land
Natural
community has been
disturbed somehow
Soil still remains
Much faster than primary succession
Abandoned farmlands, cut/ burned
forests, polluted streams, land that
was dammed or flooded
Any
change in
environmental
conditions that disrupts
a community
Fire, drought, flooding,
mining, clear-cutting,
pesticides, invasion,
etc…
Not always bad
Plants
begin to grow back quicker
because of the soil already present
3
factors that affect the rate of
succession
Facilitation-
one species makes area
habitable for other species
Inhibition- early species hinder growth of
later species
Tolerance- late successional species are
unaffected by earlier species
Study
of how populations change in
SIZE, DENSITY, and AGE
DISTRIBUTION
Clumping
Most
populations live in clumps
Why
live in clumps?
Resources vary from place to place
Living in a herd/ flock/ school
provides protection from predators
Predators are almost guaranteed a
meal
Some form temporary groups for
mating purposes
Uniform-
allows species to maximize
limited resources
Random-
very few species are randomly
distributed
What
four factors determine change
in population size?
Hint: pop change= (? + ?) – (? + ?)
Pre-reproductive
Reproductive
Post-reproductive
Remember
the population pyramids?
Intrinsic
rate of increase (r)
Rate
a population would grow at if it
had unlimited resources
Biotic
potential
Capacity
for growth
Environmental
conditions within
species range of tolerance
Generalists
Easily adapt to change
Resistance to disease and predators
Enough food
Ability to migrate and live in other
areas
Individuals:
Reproduce
early
Reproduce often
Have a lot of babies each time
Have short generation times
Populations
cannot grow indefinitely
Environmental resistance- all the
factors that act to control
population growth
Environmental
conditions outside of
range of tolerance
Low reproductive rate
Specialists
Not enough food/ resources
Too many predators/ competition
Unsuitable habitat
Unable to change
K
Maximum
number of individuals of a
given species that can be sustained
indefinitely in a given space
Growth slows down as population
reaches K
Population
grows at a
fixed rate
Grows slowly at first
then growth explodes
Creates a J-shaped
population graph
Rapid
exponential population growth
followed by decline until population
levels off
What
happens when growth exceeds
K?
Overshoot- happens when population
exceeds K
Due
to a reproductive time lag
Birth rate must fall and death rate
must rise
Dieback
or crash UNLESS organisms
can change to another resource
Density-
INDEPENDENT
population controls
Affect
population size
regardless of density
Floods, fires, freezes,
hurricanes,
tornadoes, pollution,
habitat destruction,
pest control
Density-DEPENDENT
population controls
Greater
effect with higher
density
Competition, predation,
parasitism, and infectious
disease
EX: Black Plague in Europe
& Citrus canker
Stable
Size
population size
fluctuates only slightly above and
below carrying capacity
Ex: species found in rain forests
Irruptive
Short
period of explosive growth
Followed by a crash
Short-lived, rapid reproducers
Ex: seasonal bugs
Cyclic
Have
fluctuations
periods of up and down over a
longer amount of time
Lemmings 3-4 year cycles
Lynx and snowshoe hares 10 year
cycles
Irregular
No
patterns
distinct pattern
Not really understood why
Only
1 organism needed
Offspring are exact genetic clones
Usually smaller, simpler, singlecelled organisms
Budding, binary fission
97%
of organisms
Need 2 organisms
Sex cells (gametes) combine to
create one new, genetically unique
organism with DNA from both
parents
Men
don’t give birth. Women must
produce 2 kids to replace both
parents.
Increased chance of genetic defects
during meiosis
Courtship & mating rituals can be
time consuming and dangerous
Genetic
diversity is an advantage
when environments change
Males can gather food and protect
the women and children
2
types
Depends on where you find them on
the S-shaped population curve
Basic characteristics of reproduction
Have
capacity for high-rate of pop
increase (r)
Reproduce early
Make lots of eggs/ have lots of
babies
Little to no parental care
Produce so many to ensure some
survive
Ex:
bugs, algae, bacteria,rodents
Tend to be opportunists
Able to take over after a
disturbance
Can easily crash
Reproduce
later in life
Few babies that develop inside mom
Live longer
Born large, develop slowly
Parental care until they reach
reproductive age
Called
K-selected because they do
well in competition near their
carrying capacity
Typically follow logistic growth
Prone to extinction
Most mammals, birds of prey, and
large/ long lived plants
Individuals
tend to have different
life expectancies
Can show this on a survivorship
curve
100
Percentage surviving
(log scale)
Late Loss
10
1
0
Early Loss
0.01
Age
Percentage surviving
(log scale)
100
10
1
0
Early Loss:
Survivorship is low early
in life, lots of babies die,
only a few adults age and
make it through adulthood
0.01
Age
Percentage surviving
(log scale)
100
10
Constant Loss: constant
death rate among all ages
Ex: song birds
1
0
0.01
Age
Percentage surviving
(log scale)
100
10
1
Late Loss:
High survivorship to
a certain age then
very high mortality
0
0.01
Age
Founder
Genetic
effect:
diversity is limited when a few
individuals colonize a new habitat
Geographically isolated from old pop
Demographic
Only
bottleneck:
a few individuals survive a
catastrophic disturbance like a
hurricane or human disturbances
(hunting, deforestation)
Genetic
drift:
Random
changes in gene frequencies
that allow certain individuals to breed
more which makes their genes more
dominant
Inbreeding:
Individuals
in a very small pop breed
with each other
Can increase frequency of defective
genes