Transcript Final Review PPT

Final Review PPT
2010-2011
APES
Earth’s Components and
Characteristics
Earth’s magnetic field is a result of
movement within which layer?
A) Inner core
B) Outer core
C) Mantle
D) Asthenosphere
E) crust
Earth’s Components and
Characteristics
Earth’s magnetic field is a result of movement
within which layer?
B) Outer core
The inner core and the crust are both solid and,
therefore, will have no movement, eliminating
them right away. Parts of the mantle are fluid
in nature, but it is not made of iron needed to
influence or create a magnetic field. The
asthenosphere is the mushy layer within the
mantle where convection occurs.
Earth’s Components and
Characteristics
Which of the following is TRUE of divergent
plate boundaries?
• A common feature is an island arc
• It’s a boundary where two plates slide
past each other
• The density of the plates plays an
important role
• They are where midocean ridges occur
• They float on the lithosphere
Earth’s Components and
Characteristics
Which of the following is TRUE of divergent plate
boundaries?
D)They are where midocean ridges occur
Island arcs are common features of convergent
boundaries where two ocean plates meet. The
boundary where two plates slide past each
other is a transform boundary. The density of
the plates is important at subduction zones,
where the denser plates sinks below the lessdense plate, which is also a feature of a
convergent plates. Tectonic plates are part of
the lithosphere, which floats on the
asthenosphere.
Earth’s Components and
Characteristics
Water that falls to Earth’s surface may enter
the groundwater by which process?
• Transpiration
• Precipitation
• Infiltration
• Condensation
• evaporation
Earth’s Components and
Characteristics
Water that falls to Earth’s surface may enter
the groundwater by which process?
C) Infiltration
Transpiration is the release of water into the
atmosphere by plants and
photosynthesis. Water falling to the
ground in the form of rain, snow, or ice is
precipitation. Condensation forms close
and water evaporates off of the ocean.
Earth’s Components and
Characteristics
The formation of soil is influenced by all of
the following EXCEPT
• Time
• Climate
• Parent material
• Slope
• Farming
Earth’s Components and
Characteristics
The formation of soil is influenced by all of
the following EXCEPT
E)Farming
Soil forms as rock (parent material)
weathers over time. A warm wet climate
can speed up weathering; If soil is being
formed on a steep slope, the soil will be
very thin. So slope and gravity both play
a role in soil formation.
The Earth
The majority of the rocks in the Earth’s crust
are:
A) Igneous
B) Metamorphic
C) Sedimentary
D) Basalt
E) volcanic
The Earth
The majority of the rocks in the Earth’s crust
are:
A) Igneous
Igneous rocks are solidified from magma. If
the magma cools slowly, the rocks are
coarser in nature; if the question had
been worded “the majority of rocks on
the surface of Earth,” the answer would
have been sedimentary
The Earth
Which of the following is an example of an
igneous rock?
A) Marble
B) Slate
C) Limestone
D) Granite
E) sandstone
The Earth
Which of the following is an example of an
igneous rock?
D) Granite
Other examples of igneous rocks include
basalt and quartz
The Earth
The smallest particle of soil is known as
A) Clay
B) Sand
C) Silt
D) Gravel
E) humus
The Earth
The smallest particle of soil is known as
A) Clay
The Earth
Acid rain affects soil by
• Decreasing soil porosity
• Decreasing the pH
• Decreasing soil aeration
• Lowering nutrient capacity
• All of the above
The Earth
Acid rain affects soil by
E)All of the above
Acid rain causes calcium and magnesium compounds to be
leached from the soil, which decreases the natural
buffering effect and reduces the soil pH. Acids release
toxic materials from compounds and are absorbed by
vegetation (mercury, lead, cadmium). Acid rain
promotes growth of mosses that tend to retain water in
the soil; decreasing soil aeration (waterlogged);
mosses decrease the abundance of mycorrhizal fungi
that help plants absorb nutrients; acid rain decreases
plants’ resistance, making them more susceptible to
disease, insects, drought, etc.
The Earth
The higher the amount of ___in the soil, the
better its nutrient holding capacity.
• Clay
• Silt
• Sand
• Gravel
• Loam
The Earth
The higher the amount of ___in the soil, the
better its nutrient holding capacity.
C)Sand
This is a trick question. The question was
NOT asking for what is the best type of
soil to grow crops in---that would be
loam.
The Earth
Which of the following is at a convergent
boundary where two continental plates
are presently colliding?
• The Appalachian Mountains
• The Himalayas
• The Andes Mountains
• The Rocky Mountains
• None of the Above
The Earth
Which of the following is at a convergent boundary
where two continental plates are presently
colliding?
B) The Himalayas
The Appalachian and Rocky mountains were
formed at ancient convergent plate
boundaries; The Andes lie at convergent
boundary where oceanic lithosphere is being
subducted under the South American continent
The Earth
The Dust Bowl of the 1930s resulted in the
passage of what legislation?
• Endangered American Wilderness Act
• Soil and Water Conservation Act
• Federal Land Management Act
• Public Rangelands and Improvement Act
• Soil Erosion and Conservation Act
The Earth
The Dust Bowl of the 1930s resulted in the
passage of what legislation?
B) Soil and Water Conservation Act
The Earth
Poor nutrient-holding capacity, good water
infiltration capacity, and good aeration
properties are examples of what type of
particle found in soil?
• Clay
• Silt
• Sand
• Loam
• humus
The Earth
Poor nutrient-holding capacity, good water
infiltration capacity, and good aeration
properties are examples of what type of
particle found in soil?
C) Sand
Water flows through sandy soils too fast for
many crops and requires frequent
irrigation
The Earth
An alkaline, dark soil, rich in humus, found in
a semiarid climate would be most
characteristic of
• Deserts
• Grasslands
• Tropical rain forests
• Deciduous forests
• Coniferous forests
The Earth
An alkaline, dark soil, rich in humus, found in
a semiarid climate would be most
characteristic of
B) Grasslands
Soils found in grasslands are rich in organic
nutrients
The Earth
The process of weathering produces what
type of rock?
• Igneous
• Metamorphic
• Sedimentary
• Volcanic
• None of the above
The Earth
The process of weathering produces what type of
rock?
• Igneous
• Metamorphic
• Sedimentary
• Volcanic
• None of the above
Another trick question – weathering does not
produce rock
The Earth
A rock that would most likely contain a fossil
would be
• Igneous
• Metamorphic
• Sedimentary
• Volcanic
• All of the above
The Earth
A rock that would most likely contain a fossil would be
•
Igneous
•
Metamorphic
•
Sedimentary
•
Volcanic
•
All of the above
Sedimentary rock is formed by the piling of material over
time. If conditions are right, organisms that die may be
covered by this material and become fossilized.
Fossils are impressions made up of minerals
The Earth
The most common element found in Earth’s
crust is
• Oxygen
• Hydrogen
• Iron
• Silicon
• aluminum
The Earth
The most common element found in Earth’s crust
is
• Oxygen
• Hydrogen
• Iron
• Silicon
• Aluminum
Eight elements make up 99% of Earth’s crust. In
order of decreasing abundance, they are
oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium,
sodium, potassium, magnesium
The Earth
The horizon of soil also known as the topsoil
layer, that contains humus, minerals, and
roots, and that is rich in living organisms
is know as the
• A layer
• B layer
• C layer
• D layer
• O layer
The Earth
The horizon of soil also known as the topsoil layer, that
contains humus, minerals, and roots, and that is rich in
living organisms is know as the
•
A layer
•
B layer
•
C layer
•
D layer
•
O layer
If the topsoil is brown or black, it is rich in nitrogen and is
good for crops; if the topsoil is gray, yellow, or red, it is
low in organic matter and poor for crops.
The Earth
The San Andreas Fault in California occurs
at
• A convergent boundary
• A divergent boundary
• A transform boundary
• A subduction zone
• An oceanic ridge
The Earth
The San Andreas Fault in California occurs at
• A convergent boundary
• A divergent boundary
• A transform boundary
• A subduction zone
• An oceanic ridge
Places where plates slide past each other are
called transform boundaries. The most
famous in the world is the San Andreas fault.
The Earth
Earth’s surface is part of the
• Asthenosphere
• Lithosphere
• Benthosphere
• Troposphere
• stratosphere
The Earth
Earth’s surface is part of the
• Asthenosphere
• Lithosphere
• Benthosphere
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
The asthenosphere is below the lithosphere
When People Inhabit the Earth
Around hydrothermal vents in mid-oceanic ridges,
there are species of tubeworms. In the tissues
of these tubeworms are chemosynthetic
bacteria. The bacteria provide the tubeworms
with organic nutrients, and the tubeworms
provide the bacteria with safe places to live and
constant streams of mineral-rich water. Which
of the following describes the relationship
between the tubeworm and the chemosynthetic
bacteria?
A) predator-prey B) commensalism
C) Competition D) mutualism E) parasitism
When People Inhabit the Earth
Mutualism: the tubeworm benefits by
getting organic nutrients from the
bacteria, and the bacteria get a safe
place and constant flow of water. In
commensalistic relationship, only one
partner benefits. In a parasitic
relationship, one partner is harmed.
When People Inhabit the Earth
European missionaries and traders who settled in
the Hawaiian Islands in the 1800s imported the
mongoose to eliminate snakes from homes,
fields, and settlements. From the information
given, which of the following BEST describes
the mongoose?
A) Indicator species B) prey C) alien species
D) native species
E) keystone species
When People Inhabit the Earth
C) Alien species
Mongoose did not indicate any change in
the Hawaiian Island ecosystem; it hunts
snakes, so it is a predator not prey; not
enough info is given to establish that the
mongoose is a keystone species; it had
to be imported to the islands so it is not a
native species
When People Inhabit the Earth
Elements cycle through the atmosphere in
all of the following biogeochemical cycles
EXCEPT which?
A) Carbon
B) Phosphorus
C) Water
D) Oxygen
E) Nitrogen
When People Inhabit the Earth
Elements cycle through the atmosphere in
all of the following biogeochemical cycles
EXCEPT which?
B) Phosphorus; The cycles C, O, water, N
all cycle through the atmosphere; only
phosphorus operates exclusively through
the ground, water and sediments without
exchanging with the atmosphere
When People Inhabit the Earth
A battery manufacturing plant accidentally leached
cadmium into a local lake. Ecologists sampled various
species from the lake and determined the cadmium
concentration in the tissues of each organism. The
data included:
Species A: 100 mg/kg tissue
Species B: 10 mg/kg tissue
Species C: 30 mg/kg tissue
Species D: 65 mg/kg tissue
Species E: 20 mg/kg
Which species is most likely the second-order consumer:
Species A, B, C, D or E?
When People Inhabit the Earth
Species C; when a pollutant or isotope is
introduced into an ecosystem, the
highest order consumer will have the
highest concentration of the substance in
its tissues; Producers will have the
lowest concentration; C is the third
highest concentration, and it is therefore
the second-order consumer
When People Inhabit the Earth
Which of the following mechanisms of
adaptation to environmental stress would
NOT be applicable to population?
a) Migration to another ecosystem
b) Natural selection
c) Succession
d) Migration within an ecosystem
e) evolution
When People Inhabit the Earth
Which of the following mechanisms of adaptation
to environmental stress would NOT be
applicable to population?
c) succession; migrations are applicable to
individual organisms, species and populations;
natural selection and evolution can work on
species and populations; succession applies
only to communities and ecosystems, not to
populations
When People Inhabit the Earth
A change in the ____ cycle could induce
a(n)____in an ecosystem.
A) Oxygen, geologic change
B) Water, Acid rain
C) Sulfur, eutrophication
D) Nitrogen, hurricane
E) Carbon, climate shift
When People Inhabit the Earth
A change in the ____ cycle could induce
a(n)____in an ecosystem.
E)Carbon, climate shift
Eutrophication or algal blooms are caused by
disruptions in the phosphorus cycle; nitrogen
cycle has nothing to do with weather patterns;
only the global levels of carbon in the
atmosphere can alter the surface tmeperatures
that could induce climate shifts
When People Inhabit the Earth
Which of the following communities might be in a
stage in the primary succession of a coastal
sand dune ecosystem?
A) Lichen communities supplant moss
communities
B) Beach grasses colonize the sands, thereby
stablilizing the dunes
C) Oak trees supplant the grasses on the dunes
D) Shrubs supplant maple trees on the dunes
E) Lichen communities establish themselves on
the loose sandy soil
When People Inhabit the Earth
Which of the following communities might be in a stage in
the primary succession of a coastal sand dune
ecosystem?
B)Beach grasses colonize the sands, thereby stabililizing
the dunes
Lichens are pioneering species that invade a rocky area
and come before mosses; oak trees are part of a
subclimax, climax community and would supplant
shrubs, rather than grasses; shrubs are subclimax
community species and would not supplant maple
trees; Lichen communities establish rocks, rather than
loose sandy soils. Grasses are the pioneer species
that prevent the dunes from shifting.
When People Inhabit the Earth
Which of the following species is
characteristic of a savanna?
A) Lichen
B) Oak trees
C) Douglas fir
D) Mangrove trees
E) grass
When People Inhabit the Earth
Which of the following species is
characteristic of a savanna?
E)Grass
Lichens are associated with tundra; oak
trees with temperate deciduous forests;
douglas fir are conifers in boreal forest;
grasses are associated with semiarid
savannas
When People Inhabit the Earth
The river that brings water to Townsville periodically floods
and destroys home upstream. To build the homes,
wetlands were filled in. One proposal brought by local
officials to fix the problem is to build a dam upstream of
the homes and construct levees along the river to
protect homes and Townsville. Another proposal is to
buy out the homes along the river and restore the
wetlands. The second proposal is an example of using
which of the following?
A) Biogeochemical cycles B) food chains and webs
C) Natural selection D) ecosystem services
E) Ecological succession
When People Inhabit the Earth
D) ecosystem services (flood control)
Flood control is an ecosystem service of
wetlands.
Population Growth
An age-structure diagram has the shape of a
pyramid with a wide base. What type of
population growth does it indicate?
A) Zero growth B) negative growth
C) Slow growth D) rapid growth
E) Unknown growth
Population Growth
An age-structure diagram has the shape of a
pyramid with a wide base. What type of
population growth does it indicate?
D) Rapid growth; zero growth would be indicated
by an almost vertical (even slightly rectangular);
negative growth has a narrow base and
broadens as you go up the pyramid; slow growth
is characterized by a pyramid with a small base;
rapid growth is characterized by a pyramid with
a broad base.
Population Growth
Rapid growth in nonhuman populations
occurs in which phase?
A) Lag phase
B) Stable phase
C) Carrying capacity
D) Oscillating phase
E) Log phase
Population Growth
Rapid growth in nonhuman populations occurs in which
phase?
E) Log phase
S-shaped curve of nonhuman population growth; the lag
phase is a short period in the beginning during which
little or no growth occurs; The stable phase is a
description of the phase where the carrying capacity or
upper limit is reached; no growth occurs here; an
oscillating phase can occur when the population has
reached the carrying capacity; the log phase is another
name for the period of rapid exponential growth
Population Growth
Birth rate Death rate Immigration Rate Emigration
The US Census
Bureau has
the following
information
on the
populations
of five
countries for
last year.
No./1,000/yr
A
20
10
5
B 10
5
20
10
C 30
20
5
15
D 65
50
10
10
E
20
10
5
10
10
Which country has zero population growth for last
year? A, B, C, D or E?
Population Growth
Birth rate Death rate Immigration Rate Emigration
The US Census
Bureau has
the following
information
on the
populations
of five
countries for
last year.
No./1,000/yr
A
20
10
5
B 10
5
20
10
C 30
20
5
15
D 65
50
10
10
E
20
10
5
10
10
Which country has zero population growth for last
year? A, B, C, D or E?
C; change in Nt= (B+ I) – (D+E)
Population Growth
All of the following factors are densityindependent factors EXCEPT which
one?
A) Competition
B) Climate
C) The pH level
D) Water supply
E) Food supply
Population Growth
All of the following factors are density-independent
factors EXCEPT which one?
A) Competition
Density-independent factors do rely on how large
or dense the population is or how they interact
with other species or themselves; pH,
temperature, weather, climate, food supply,
and water supply are all examples; Densitydependent factors do involve how large the
population is and how it interacts with itself and
other species; such as predation and
competition
Population Growth
Which of the following organisms would be
an example of an r-strategist?
A) Whale
B) Cockroach
C) Eagle
D) Alligator
E) dog
Population Growth
Which of the following organisms would be an
example of an r-strategist?
B) Cockroach
K-strategist have few offspring but nuture them for
a long period of time (birds, mammals, and
some reptiles); r-strategists have many
offspring (often thousands) that develop and
mature on their own with no parental care (fish,
invertebrates, insects)
Population Growth
Which provision might BEST be used as part of an
antinatalist policy in a country whose religious
beliefs are against contraception?
A) Legally mandated sterilization after two
children
B) Making condoms widely available
C) Tax breaks for large families
D) Raising the legal age of marriage
E) Free birth control pills
Population Growth
Which provision might BEST be used as part of an
antinatalist policy in a country whose religious
beliefs are against contraception?
D) Raising the legal age of marriage
Pronatalist policies encourage high birth rates,
high fertility rates, and large family sizes with
the goal of increasing population growth;
raising the legal age of marriage would reduce
a woman’s fertile period and would be
consistent with the goals of an antinatalist
policy
Population Growth
Your country has recently won a war, and the soldiers have returned
home to their wives and families after many long years. What
might the age-structure diagram look like if plotted over the next
several decades?
A) A pinch at the bottom that will rise over the next several decades
due to a boom in population
B) There will be no change in the shape of the age-structure diagram
C) A bulge at the bottom that will rise over the next several decades
due to a bust in the population
D) A pinch at the bottom that will rise over the next several decades
due to a bust in the population
E) A bulge at the bottom that will rise the next several decades due
to a boom in the population
Population Growth
Your country has recently won a war, and the
soldiers have returned home to their wives and
families after many long years. What might the
age-structure diagram look like if plotted over
the next several decades?
A) A bulge at the bottom that will rise the next
several decades due to a boom in the
population
After a long war when soldiers return home, there
is usually a rise in births; as was the case in
the post-WWII baby boom in US
Population Growth
You seed two flasks containing nutrient media with the same amount of
the algae, Chlorella, Flask B contains twice the concentration of
phosphate, a vital nutrient, than Flask A. Both flasks are
incubated under the same conditions. Which of the following
statements will be TRUE?
A) Flask A will grow faster than Flask B because the intrinsic growth
rate is greater
B) Both flasks will grow at the same rate and reach the same
carrying capacity
C) While the intrinsic growth rates are the same, Flask B will grow at
a faster rate and reach a greater carrying capacity than Flask A
D) While the intrinsic growth rates are the same, Flask A will grow at
a faster rate and reach a greater carrying capacity than Flask B
E) Flask B will grow faster than Flask A because the intrinsic growth
rate is greater
Population Growth
You seed two flasks containing nutrient media with
the same amount of the algae, Chlorella, Flask
B contains twice the concentration of
phosphate, a vital nutrient, than Flask A. Both
flasks are incubated under the same
conditions. Which of the following statements
will be TRUE?
C) While the intrinsic growth rates are the same,
Flask B will grow at a faster rate and reach a
greater carrying capacity than Flask A
dN/Dt=rN(1-(K/N))
Population Growth
City officials face an increasing population size.
They decide to fill in wetlands upstream along
a river that runs through th ecity. They build
homes on the filled in land. As a result, they
must periodically deal with floods along the
river that brings water into the city. This is an
example of which of the following?
A) Pronatalist policy B) antinatalist policy
C) Habitat destruction D) pollution
E) Ecological stress
Population Growth
City officials face an increasing population
size. They decide to fill in wetlands
upstream along a river that runs through
th ecity. They build homes on the filled in
land. As a result, they must periodically
deal with floods along the river that
brings water into the city. This is an
example of which of the following?
C) Habitat destruction
Population Growth
In the transitional phase from Pre-Industrial
to Industrial economies, birth rates
_____ while death rates____
A) Do not change, drop
B) Increase, remain the same
C) Decrease, decrease
D) Decrease, remain the same
E) Increase, increase
Population Growth
In the transitional phase from Pre-Industrial
to Industrial economies, birth rates
_____ while death rates____
A) Do not change, drop
The transitional phase from Pre-Industrial to
Industrial phase is characterized by a
drop in death rates (due to improved
health care), while birth rates remain the
same. Therefore, the population grows.
Populations
Which would be least likely to be affected by
a density-dependent limiting factor?
A) A small, scattered population
B) A population with a high birth rate
C) A large, dense population
D) A population with a high immigration rate
E) None of the above
Populations
Which would be least likely to be affected by a
density-dependent limiting factor?
A) A small, scattered population
B) A population with a high birth rate
C) A large, dense population
D) A population with a high immigration rate
E) None of the above
Increasing population size reduces available
resources, thus limiting population growth.
Populations
A population showing a growth rate of 20,40,
60,80…would be characteristic of
A) Logarithmic growth
B) Exponential growth
C) Static growth
D) Arithmetic (linear) growth
E) Power curve growth
Populations
A population showing a growth rate of 20,40,
60,80…would be characteristic of
A) Logarithmic growth
B) Exponential growth
C) Static growth
D) Arithmetic (linear) growth
E) Power curve growth
Arithmetic or linear growth is characterized by a
constant increase per unit of time. In this
case, the constant is an increase of 20.
Populations
If a population doubles in about 70 years, it
is showing a ____% growth rate.
• 1
• 5
• 35
• 140
• 200
Populations
If a population doubles in about 70 years, it is
showing a ____% growth rate.
• 1
• 5
• 35
• 140
• 20
A 1% growth rate would cause a population to
double in 70 years. Hint: divide 70 by the
annual percentage growth rate to get the
doubling time in years
Populations
An island off the coast of Costa Rica is the
home to 500 birds of a particular species.
Population biologists determined that this
bird population was isolated with no
immigration or emigration. After one
year, the scientists were able to count 60
births and 10 deaths.
The net growth for this population was
A) 0.5 B) 0.9 C) 1.0 D) 1.1 E) 1.5
Populations
An island off the coast of Costa Rica is the home
to 500 birds of a particular species. Population
biologists determined that this bird population
was isolated with no immigration or emigration.
After one year, the scientists were able to
count 60 births and 10 deaths.
The net growth for this population was
• 0.5 B) 0.9 C) 1.0 D) 1.1 E) 1.5
Poulation size = original size (500) + birth (60)deaths (10) + immigration (0)-emigration (0) =
550. Net growth rate = 550/500 = 1.1
Populations
An island off the coast of Costa Rica is the home
to 500 birds of a particular species. Population
biologists determined that this bird population
was isolated with no immigration or emigration.
After one year, the scientists were able to
count 60 births and 10 deaths.
The doubling time for this population would be
• 10 years B) 13.3 years C) 24.2 years
D) 63.6 years E) 126 years
Populations
An island off the coast of Costa Rica is the home
to 500 birds of a particular species. Population
biologists determined that this bird population
was isolated with no immigration or emigration.
After one year, the scientists were able to
count 60 births and 10 deaths.
The doubling time for this population would be
• 10 years B) 13.3 years C) 24.2 years
D) 63.6 years E) 126 years
Doubling time = 70/1.1 = 63.6 years
Populations
Biotic potential refers to
•
An estimate of the maximum capacity of living things to
survive and reproduce under optimal environmental
conditions
•
The proportion of the population of each sex at each
age category
•
The ratio of total live births to total population
•
A factor that influences population growth and that
increases in magnitude with an increase in the size or
density of the population
•
Events and phenomena of nature that act to keep
population sizes stable
Populations
Biotic potential refers to
•
An estimate of the maximum capacity of living
things to survive and reproduce under optimal
environmental conditions
•
The proportion of the population of each sex at each
age category
•
The ratio of total live births to total population
•
A factor that influences population growth and that
increases in magnitude with an increase in the size or
density of the population
•
Events and phenomena of nature that act to keep
population sizes stable
Populations
The number of children an average woman
would have, assuming that she lives her
full reproductive lifetime, is known as the
• Birth rate
• Crude birth rate
• TFR
• RLF
• Zero population growth rate
Populations
The number of children an average woman would
have, assuming that she lives her full
reproductive lifetime, is known as the
• Birth rate
• Crude birth rate
• TFR
• RLF
• Zero population growth rate
Global TFR is approximately 2.6
Populations
The average American’s ecological footprint
is approximately
• The size of a shoe
• 0.5 acres
• 3 acres
• 6 acres
• 12 acres
Populations
The average American’s ecological footprint is
approximately
• The size of a shoe
• 0.5 acres
• 3 acres
• 6 acres
• 12 acres
An ecological footprint is a metaphor used to
depict the amount of land a person would
hypothetically need to provide the resources
required to support itself
Populations
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
• The US, while having only 5% of the world’s
population, consumes 25% of the world’s
resources
• Up to 50% of all plants and animals could
become extinct within the next 100 years
• In 1990, 20% of the world’s population
controlled 80% of the world’s wealth
• Every second, five people are born and two
people die, a net gain of three people
• They are all true statements
Populations
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
• The US, while having only 5% of the world’s
population, consumes 25% of the world’s
resources
• Up to 50% of all plants and animals could
become extinct within the next 100 years
• In 1990, 20% of the world’s population
controlled 80% of the world’s wealth
• Every second, five people are born and two
people die, a net gain of three people
• They are all true statements
Human Populations
Changes to the size of a country’s
population depends on
• Births
• Deaths
• Immigration
• Emigration
• All of the above
Human Populations
Changes to the size of a country’s population
depends on
• Births
• Deaths
• Immigration
• Emigration
• All of the above
To calculate a population, you take birth rate minus
death rate plus immigration minus emigration
and divide by 10
Human Populations
The greatest environmental problem the
world is facing today is
• Pollution
• The human population explosion
• The greenhouse effect
• Depletion of natural resources
• None of these
Human Populations
The greatest environmental problem the world is
facing today is
• Pollution
• The human population explosion
• The greenhouse effect
• Depletion of natural resources
• None of these
The human population explosion affects all of the
other environmental problems, making it the
greatest.
Human Populations
The crude birth rate is the number of births
per ____ people per year
• 50
• 100
• 500
• 1,000
• 10,000
Human Populations
The crude birth rate is the number of births per
____ people per year
• 50
• 100
• 500
• 1,000
• 10,000
The crude birth rate is the number of live births per
1,000 people per year
Human Populations
Developed countries
• Have a large replacement level fertility
• Sizes are found by subtracting the
number of immigrants from emigrants
• Tend to consume less meat than
developing countries
• Generate the majority of the world’s
pollution and waste
• Have high infant mortality rates
Human Populations
Developed countries
•
Have a large replacement level fertility
•
Sizes are found by subtracting the number of
immigrants from emigrants
•
Tend to consume less meat than developing countries
•
Generate the majority of the world’s pollution and
waste
•
Have high infant mortality rates
The average American places at least 20X the demand on
the earth’s resources than does a person in developing
country
Human Populations
The environmental impact equation includes
• Population size
• Affluence
• Technology
• All of the above
• A & B only
Human Populations
The environmental impact equation includes
• Population size
• Affluence
• Technology
• All of the above
• A & B only
The Environmental Impact Equation developed by
Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren is I= P*A*T, or
Environmental Impact equals the sized of a
population multiplied by the country’s affluence
(wealth) and how much technology it has
Human Populations
The term demographic transition describes
• The movement of people from poor countries
to wealthy countries
• The tendency of a country to move from high
birth rate and high death rates to low birth and
low death rates
• The time it takes for a population to double in
size
• When all the veterans returned from World
War II to start families
• All of the above
Human Populations
The term demographic transition describes
• The movement of people from poor countries
to wealthy countries
• The tendency of a country to move from
high birth rate and high death rates to low
birth and low death rates
• The time it takes for a population to double in
size
• When all the veterans returned from World
War II to start families
• All of the above
Human Populations
If a population of 10,000 experiences 70
births, 40 deaths, 30 immigrants and 50
emigrants in a year, what is the net
annual percentage growth rate?
Human Populations
If a population of 10,000 experiences 70
births, 40 deaths, 30 immigrants and 50
emigrants in a year, what is the net
annual percentage growth rate?
70-40 + 30-50/10,000 X 100%
30+ (-20)/10,000 X 100%
10/10,000 X 100% = 0.1 %
Human Populations
If a country’s population grows at a yearly
rate of 3%, in how many years will the
population double?
Human Populations
If a country’s population grows at a yearly
rate of 3%, in how many years will the
population double?
70/3 = 23 years (Rule of 70)
Human Populations
Compare the rates of population growth in
developed countries and developing
countries. Explain the differences.
Human Populations
Compare the rates of population growth in
developed countries and developing countries.
Explain the differences.
Developed countries are growing slowly, at a rate
of 0.1% a year. Developing countries are
growing at a faster pace, around 1.5% a year.
This difference in growth rates mean that 98%
of the world’s population growth is occuring in
developing countries.
Human Populations
What are some issues that countries face
when their populations are shrinking?
Human Populations
What are some issues that countries face
when their populations are shrinking?
Issues facing countries with negative growth
rates are usually economic. Who will
produce the goods and services needed
by an aging population, and will the
country’s economy remain competitive?
Human Populations
All of the following are reasons a family in a developing
country would have more children EXCEPT
•
High infant mortality rate
•
More children means more help around the house or
farm
•
More children means they take care of their parents in
their old age
•
More children indicates higher educational attainment
and a reduced level of poverty
•
More children means a lower poverty threshold for the
family
Human Populations
All of the following are reasons a family in a developing
country would have more children EXCEPT
•
High infant mortality rate
•
More children means more help around the house or
farm
•
More children means they take care of their parents in
their old age
•
More children indicates higher educational
attainment and a reduced level of poverty
•
More children means a lower poverty threshold for the
family
Most children in developing countries do not go to school
because they are needed around the house or farm to
help with the family chores
Human Populations
All of the following are social determinates
that decrease birth and fertility rates
EXCEPT
• Availability of reliable birth control
• Access to a clean and abundant water
supply
• Urbanization
• Religious beliefs
• Increased literacy levels
Human Populations
All of the following are social determinates that
decrease birth and fertility rates EXCEPT
• Availability of reliable birth control
• Access to a clean and abundant water supply
• Urbanization
• Religious beliefs
• Increased literacy levels
Religious beliefs almost always increase birth
rates
Human Populations
International relief organizations may
distribute relief aid to women through
schools. This encourages all of the
following EXCEPT
• Higher educational attainment for women
• A decrease in malnutrition
• Higher fertility rates
• Eliminating violence against women
• A higher incidence of birth control
Human Populations
International relief organizations may distribute
relief aid to women through schools. This
encourages all of the following EXCEPT
• Higher educational attainment for women
• A decrease in malnutrition
• Higher fertility rates
• Eliminating violence against women
• A higher incidence of birth control
When women are educated, fertility rates fall
Human Populations
Sub-Saharan Africa is at a crossroads
because of which of the following
diseases?
• HIV/AIDS
• Malaria
• Influenza
• Small pox
• All of the above
Human Populations
Sub-Saharan Africa is at a crossroads
because of which of the following
diseases?
• HIV/AIDS
• Malaria
• Influenza
• Small pox
• All of the above
Human Populations
Thomas Malthus argued that
i. Population increases exponentially
ii. Food production increases exponentially
iii. Population increases linearly
iv. Food production increases linearly
A. i and ii
B. iii and iv
C. ii and iii
D. i and iv
E. None of the above
Human Populations
Thomas Malthus argued that
i.
Population increases exponentially
ii. Food production increases exponentially
iii. Population increases linearly
iv. Food production increases linearly
A. i and ii
B. iii and iv
C. ii and iii
D. i and iv
E. None of the above
Thomas Malthus argued populations grows exponentially
and food production grows linearly. This trend, he
believed, eventually would lead to starvation, disease,
crime and corruption
Human Populations
Many demographers are concerned about
the rate of human population growth.
Name 3 solutions that were promoted at the
1994 conference in Cairo.
Human Populations
Many demographers are concerned about
the rate of human population growth.
Name 3 solutions that were promoted at the
1994 conference in Cairo.
Empower women; meeting people’s needs
for education and health; advance
gender equality; eliminate violence
against women; enable women to control
their own fertility
How People Use the Land
Which of the following actions is consistent
with sustainable agriculture?
A) Planting one crop only
B) Irrigating the field
C) Applying heavy loads of fertilizers and
pesticides
D) Planting alternating rows of multiple
crops
E) Plowing the fields under after harvesting
How People Use the Land
Which of the following actions is consistent
with sustainable agriculture?
D)Planting alternating rows of multiple crops
Sustainable agricultural methods involve
planting more than one crop
How People Use the Land
Which of the following is a nonrenewable
resource?
A)Fish
B)Aluminum
C)Hardwood trees
D)Grasses
E) Agricultural crops
How People Use the Land
Which of the following is a nonrenewable
resource?
B)Aluminum
A renewable resource can be replaced; when
properly managed, fish, trees, grasses, and
agricultural crops can be replaced and
replenished; there is a finite supply of
aluminum ore (bauxite) in the ground that
cannot readily be replaced
How People Use the Land
Legislating that products harvested on
federal lands must return profits to the
government would be the best way to
address which of the following threats to
public land?
A) Overuse B) pollution C) habitat
destruction D) poor management E)
commerical exploitation
How People Use the Land
Legislating that products harvested on federal lands must
return profits to the government would be the best way
to address which of the following threats to public
land?
E) Commercial exploitation
Legislating that governments get profits from the sale of
resources or products made from public lands would
not directly address overuse, pollution, poor
management or habitat destruction on public lands;
many companies can rent or lease public lands
cheaply and can make a large profit on the sale of
resources or products from public lands
How People Use the Land
Scientists make a genetically engineered form of tobacco
plant that can take up mercury and incorporate it into
the leaves. They then plant these tobacco crops on a
mercury-contaminated waste site, allow the plants to
grow, and harvest them. Which of the following
techniques first this description?
A) Landfill or brownfield cap
B) Phytoremediation
C) Bioinventing
D) Chemical oxidation/reduction
E) biodegradation
How People Use the Land
Scientists make a genetically engineered form of tobacco plant that can
take up mercury and incorporate it into the leaves. They then
plant these tobacco crops on a mercury-contaminated waste site,
allow the plants to grow, and harvest them. Which of the following
techniques first this description?
B) Phytoremediation
Landfill or brownfield caps isolate contaminated soils from the
environments with barriers; bioventing injects oxygen into the
contaminating soil to facilitate degradation by microbes;
biodegradation injects microbes into the contaminated soil to
facilitate the degradation of the contaminant; Chemical
oxidation/reduction injects chemicals into the contaminated soil to
transform the contaminant
How People Use the Land
Which of the following would NOT be a principle
for sustainable land use?
• Consider all aspects of land use (economic,
ecologic, social, political)
• Take all the resources possible from a given
area of land
• Preserve biodiversity
• Conserve resources through reduce, reuse,
and recycle practices
• Rehabilitate the land after use
How People Use the Land
Which of the following would NOT be a principle
for sustainable land use?
B)Take all the resources possible from a given
area of land
Good practices of sustainable land-use strategies
involve conserving resources, preserving
biodiversity, planning/management with
consideration for all interests, and
rehabilitating the land after use
How People Use the Land
Which of the following is NOT affected by
deforestation?
• Soil erosion
• Water cycle
• Global temperature
• Biodiversity
• Ozone layer hole
How People Use the Land
Which of the following is NOT affected by deforestation?
E) Ozone layer hole
Trees hold on to soil and play an important role in the water
cycle because of evapo-transpiration; from the atm,
trees take up significant amounts of CO2, which
absorbs heat and influences global temps; forests
provide habitats for many species; the ozone layer
hole is caused by interactions of human-made CFCs
and oxygen in the upper atmosphere
Ecosystems
A) Tropical rain forest
B) Temperate deciduous forest
C) Savanna
D) Taiga
E) Tundra
Forests of cold climates of high latitudes and
high altitudes
Ecosystems
A) Tropical rain forest
B) Temperate deciduous forest
C) Savanna
D) Taiga
E) Tundra
Forests of cold climates of high latitudes and
high altitudes
Ecosystems
A) Tropical rain forest
B) Temperate deciduous forest
C) Savanna
D) Taiga
E) Tundra
Warm year-round; prolonged dry seasons;
scattered trees
Ecosystems
A) Tropical rain forest
B) Temperate deciduous forest
C) Savanna
D) Taiga
E) Tundra
Warm year-round; prolonged dry seasons;
scattered trees
Ecosystems
A) Tropical rain forest
B) Temperate deciduous forest
C) Savanna
D) Taiga
E) Tundra
Low biodiversity due to lots of shade, which
limits food for herbivores. Major
resource for timber.
Ecosystems
A) Tropical rain forest
B) Temperate deciduous forest
C) Savanna
D) Taiga
E) Tundra
Low biodiversity due to lots of shade, which
limits food for herbivores. Major
resource for timber.
Ecosystems
The annual productivity of any ecosystem is
greater than the annual increase in biomass of
the herbivores in the ecosystem because
• Plants convert E input into biomass more
efficiently than animals
• There are always more animals than plants in
an ecosystem
• Plants have a greater longevity than animals
• During each E transformation, some E is lost
• Animals convert E input into biomass more
efficiently than plants do
Ecosystems
The annual productivity of any ecosystem is greater than
the annual increase in biomass of the herbivores in the
ecosystem because
•
Plants convert E input into biomass more efficiently
than animals
•
There are always more animals than plants in an
ecosystem
•
Plants have a greater longevity than animals
•
During each E transformation, some E is lost
•
Animals convert E input into biomass more efficiently
than plants do
Less E is available at each trophic level because E is lost
by organisms through cellular respiration and
incomplete digestion of food sources
Ecosystems
A type I survivorship curve would apply to
• Humans
• Redwoods
• Bacteria
• Flies
• Tapeworms
Ecosystems
A type I survivorship curve would apply to
•
Humans
•
Redwoods
•
Bacteria
•
Flies
•
Tapeworms
Type I survivorship curves are for species that have a high
survival rate of the young, live out most of their
expected life span, and die in old age. Type II are for
species that have a relatively constant death rate
throughout their life span. Death could be due to
hunting or diseases (corals, squirrels, honeybees,
reptiles). Type III are found in species that have many
young, most of which die very early in their life (plants,
oysters, and sea urchins)
Ecosystems
All of the following are factors that increase
population size EXCEPT
A) Ability to adapt
B) Specialized niche
C) Few competitors
D) Generalized niche
E) High birth rate
Ecosystems
All of the following are factors that increase
population size EXCEPT
A) Ability to adapt
B) Specialized niche
C) Few competitors
D) Generalized niche
E) High birth rate
Specialized niches are more susceptible to
environmental changes and have a direct
effect on the stability of populations (population
size)
Ecosystems
A specialist faces____competition for resources
and has ___ ability to adapt to environmental
changes. A generalist faces____competition
for resources and has ____ability to adapt to
environmental changes.
A) Less, greater, greater,less
B) Greater, less, less, greater
C) Less,less, greater, greater
D) Greater, greater, less, less
E) Non of the above
Ecosystems
A specialist faces____competition for resources and has
___ ability to adapt to environmental changes. A
generalist faces____competition for resources and has
____ability to adapt to environmental changes.
A) Less, greater, greater,less
B) Greater, less, less, greater
C) Less,less, greater, greater
D) Greater, greater, less, less
E) Non of the above
Specialist species are adapted to a narrow range of
habitats and conditions, while generalist species are
able to live in a variety of habitats
Ecosystems
Whether a land area supports a deciduous
forest or grassland depends primarily on
A) Changes in temperature
B) Latitude north or south of the equator
C) Consistency of rainfall from year to year
and the effect that it has on fires
D) Changes in the length of the growing
season
E) None of the above
Ecosystems
Whether a land area supports a deciduous forest or
grassland depends primarily on
A) Changes in temperature
B) Latitude north or south of the equator
C) Consistency of rainfall from year to year and the
effect that it has on fires
D) Changes in the length of the growing season
E) None of the above
The question of determining whether it is a deciduous
forest or grassland is dependent on yearly patterns of
rainfall since both biomes can exist over similar
temperature ranges. Frequent fires are an important
factor in determining grasslands.
Ecosystems
The main difference between primary and secondary
succession is that
A)Primary succession occurs in the year before secondary
succession
B) Primary succession occurs on barren, rocky areas and
secondary succession does not
C) Secondary succession ends in a climax species and
primary succession ends in a pioneer species
D) Secondary succession occurs on barren, rocky areas
and primary succession does not
E) All of the above statements are true
Ecosystems
The main difference between primary and secondary
succession is that
A)Primary succession occurs in the year before secondary
succession
B) Primary succession occurs on barren, rocky areas
and secondary succession does not
C) Secondary succession ends in a climax species and
primary succession ends in a pioneer species
D) Secondary succession occurs on barren, rocky areas
and primary succession does not
E) All of the above statements are true
Primary succession occurs on bare rocks and starts with
lichens. Secondary succession occurs in areas where
there is intact topsoil.
Ecosystems
The biggest threat to species is
A) Low reproductive rates
B) Disease
C) Alien, invasive species
D) Collecting, hunting, and poaching
E) Loss of habitat
Ecosystems
The biggest threat to species is
A) Low reproductive rates
B) Disease
C) Alien, invasive species
D) Collecting, hunting, and poaching
E) Loss of habitat
Scientist warn that human activities may be
bringing about the sixth mass extinction
of species in the world’s history
Ecosystems
Darwin noted that the Patagonian hare was similar
in appearance and had a niche similar to the
European hare. However, the Patagonian
hare is not a rabbit. It is a rodent related to the
guinea pig. This example illustrates the
principle known as
A) Allopatric speciation
B) Adaptive radiation
C) Divergent evolution
D) Coevolution
E) Convergent evolution
Ecosystems
Darwin noted that the Patagonian hare was similar in
appearance and had a niche similar to the European
hare. However, the Patagonian hare is not a rabbit. It
is a rodent related to the guinea pig. This example
illustrates the principle known as
A) Allopatric speciation
B) Adaptive radiation
C) Divergent evolution
D) Coevolution
E) Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution describes the process whereby
organisms not closely related independently acquire
similar characteristics while evolving in separate and
sometimes varying environments
Ecosystems
A) Adaptive radiation
B) Isolation
C) Natural selection
D) Stable gene pool
E) Convergent evolution
Members of the same species of moths are
prevented from interbreeding because
they live on opposite sides of a mountain
range
Ecosystems
A) Adaptive radiation
B) Isolation
C) Natural selection
D) Stable gene pool
E) Convergent evolution
Members of the same species of moths are
prevented from interbreeding because they live
on opposite sides of a mountain range
“species” is defined as a group of organisms that
look similar, have the ability to interbreed, and
produce fertile offspring. Two forms of
isolation that prevent interbreeding are
geographic and reproductive isolation
Ecosystems
A) Adaptive radiation
B) Isolation
C) Natural selection
D) Stable gene pool
E) Convergent evolution
Darwin’s finches are a good example of this
biological principle.
Ecosystems
A) Adaptive radiation
B) Isolation
C) Natural selection
D) Stable gene pool
E) Convergent evolution
Darwin’s finches are a good example of this
biological principle.
Adaptive radiation is the development of many
species that are derived from a single,
ancestral population
Ecosystems
A) Adaptive radiation
B) Isolation
C) Natural selection
D) Stable gene pool
E) Convergent evolution
Members of a large population mate at
random.
Ecosystems
A) Adaptive radiation
B) Isolation
C) Natural selection
D) Stable gene pool
E) Convergent evolution
Members of a large population mate at random.
This question relates to the Hardy-Weinberg
theory and the concept of a stable gene pool.
It assumes a large population, random mating,
no mutations, no migration between
populations, and no selection
Ecosystems
A) Adaptive radiation
B) Isolation
C) Natural selection
D) Stable gene pool
E) Convergent evolution
In the evolutionary history of the horse, the
early hourse (Eohippus) was replaced by
the modern one-toed horse.
Ecosystems
A) Adaptive radiation
B) Isolation
C) Natural selection
D) Stable gene pool
E) Convergent evolution
In the evolutionary history of the horse, the early
hourse (Eohippus) was replaced by the
modern one-toed horse.
Natural selection is the process by which only the
organisms that are best adapted to their
environment tend to survive and transmit their
genes to successive generations
Ecosystems
A) Keystone species
B) Native species
C) Specialist species
D) Indicator species
E) Generalist species
When environmental conditions are
changing rapidly, a generalist is usually
better off than a specialist
Ecosystems
A) Keystone species
B) Native species
C) Specialist species
D) Indicator species
E) Generalist species
Species that serve as early warnings of
environmental damage are called
Ecosystems
A) Keystone species
B) Native species
C) Specialist species
D) Indicator species
E) Generalist species
Species that serve as early warnings of
environmental damage are called
An indicator species is a species whose presence,
absence, or relative well-being in a given
environment is indicative of the health of the
ecosystem as a whole
Ecosystems
Which one of the following statements is false?
•
When environmental conditions are changing rapidly, a
generalist is usually better off than a specialist
•
The fundamental niche of a species is the full range of
physical, chemical, and biological factors it could use if
there were no competition
•
The competitive exclusion principle states that no two
species with the same fundamental niche can
indefinitely occupy the same habitat
•
Interspecific competition is competition between two
members of the same species
•
Resource partitioning limits competition by two species
using the same scarce resource at different times, in
different ways, or in different places
Ecosystems
Which one of the following statements is false?
•
When environmental conditions are changing rapidly, a
generalist is usually better off than a specialist
•
The fundamental niche of a species is the full range of
physical, chemical, and biological factors it could use if
there were no competition
•
The competitive exclusion principle states that no two
species with the same fundamental niche can
indefinitely occupy the same habitat
•
Interspecific competition is competition between
two members of the same species
•
Resource partitioning limits competition by two species
using the same scarce resource at different times, in
different ways, or in different places
Ecosystems
Which of the following best describes a
nonanthropogenic secondary succession?
• Plants and other vegetation die gradually due
to drought
• Wildflowers grow in an area that was
previously destroyed by fire
• A farmer removes weeds using a herbicide
• Lichens and mosses secrete acids that allow
other plants to grow
• None of the above
Ecosystems
Which of the following best describes a nonanthropogenic
secondary succession?
•
Plants and other vegetation die gradually due to
drought
•
Wildflowers grow in an area that was previously
destroyed by fire
•
A farmer removes weeds using a herbicide
•
Lichens and mosses secrete acids that allow other
plants to grow
•
None of the above
Ecosystems undergo secondary succession following some
artificial or natural disturbance such as a forest fire or
farming. “anthropogenic” refers to something caused
by humans.
Ecosystems
Mount San Jacinto at almost 11,000 feet elevation is only a
few miles from Palm Springs, California, located in the
lower Mojave-Colorado Desert in southern California.
Temperatures in Palm Springs have been recorded as
high as 120F. If you were to take the Palm Springs
Aerial Tramway to the very top of Mount San Jacinto,
what type of biome would you find?
•
Desert
•
Temperate forest
•
Taiga
•
Tundra
•
Grassland
Ecosystems
Mount San Jacinto at almost 11,000 feet elevation is only a
few miles from Palm Springs, California, located in the
lower Mojave-Colorado Desert in southern California.
Temperatures in Palm Springs have been recorded as
high as 120F. If you were to take the Palm Springs
Aerial Tramway to the very top of Mount San Jacinto,
what type of biome would you find?
•
Desert
•
Temperate forest
•
Taiga
•
Tundra
•
Grassland
Every 300 feet of elevation is equivalent to 62 miles north
in latitude in biome similarity. At close to 11,000 feet in
eleveation, the biome would be evergreen forests
similar to those found in the souther regions of the
tundra and correspond to about 52 Degrees north
latitude (southern Canada)
Ecosystem- what are they
Two of the most important factors that
determine a climate are
A) Latitude and precipitation
B) Temperature and precipitation
C) Temperature and light
D) The animals and plants that live there
E) Latitude and altitude
Ecosystem- what are they
Two of the most important factors that
determine a climate are
A) Latitude and precipitation
B) Temperature and precipitation
C) Temperature and light
D) The animals and plants that live there
E) Latitude and altitude
Ecosystem- what are they
Tropical rain forests
A) Have deep, nutrient-rich soils
B) Have deep, nutrient-poor soils
C) Have shallow, nutrient-rich soils
D) Have shallow, nutrient-poor soils
E) Have a widely distributed soil pattern
Ecosystem- what are they
Tropical rain forests
A) Have deep, nutrient-rich soils
B) Have deep, nutrient-poor soils
C) Have shallow, nutrient-rich soils
D) Have shallow, nutrient-poor soils
E) Have a widely distributed soil pattern
Tropical rain forests have an annual average
temperature of 28C; a frequent and heave
rainfall that averages over 95 inches per year;
and thin and nutrient-poor soils
Ecosystem- what are they
A cattle egret standing on the back of a cow
is an example of
A) Mutualism
B) Parasitism
C) A predator-prey relationship
D) Commensalism
E) eutrophication
Ecosystem- what are they
A cattle egret standing on the back of a cow
is an example of
A) Mutualism
B) Parasitism
C) A predator-prey relationship
D) Commensalism
E) eutrophication
Ecosystem- what are they
It is estimated that only ____% of available
energy is passed from one level of the
trophic pyramid to another
A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 90%
E) Answer cannot be determined based on
info given
Ecosystem- what are they
It is estimated that only ____% of available energy is
passed from one level of the trophic pyramid to
another
A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 90%
E) Answer cannot be determined based on info given
As you move up the trophic pyramid, you apply the 10%
rule, which states that 90% of usable energy is lost to
the organism below and only 10% moves up through
the trophic pyramid
Ecosystem- what are they
Which of the following trophic levels has the
most biomass?
A) Producer
B) Primary consumer
C) Secondary consumer
D) Decomposer
E) Tertiary consumer
Ecosystem- what are they
Which of the following trophic levels has the most
biomass?
A) Producer
B) Primary consumer
C) Secondary consumer
D) Decomposer
E) Tertiary consumer
The biomass of all the organisms at each trophic
level can be estimated by collecting and
weighing suitable samples. In terrestrial
ecosystems, the biomass is roughly 90% less
at each higher trophic level. Thus, the bottom
of the trophic pyramid (the producers) has the
most biomass.
Ecosystem- what are they
The best example of a tertiary consumer
would be a/an
A) Mouse
B) Grasshopper
C) Sheep
D) Cactus
E) coyote
Ecosystem- what are they
The best example of a tertiary consumer would be
a/an
A) Mouse
B) Grasshopper
C) Sheep
D) Cactus
E) Coyote
A tertiary consumer, such as a coyote, eats
secondary consumers. Primary consumersare herbivores (e.g. mouse), and secondary
consumers are animals that eat primary
consumers (e.g. snake)
Ecosystem- what are they
A decomposer would recycle nutrients back
to a
A) Producer
B) Decomposer
C) Secondary consumer
D) Tertiary consumer
E) Primary consumer
Ecosystem- what are they
A decomposer would recycle nutrients back to a
A) Producer
B) Decomposer
C) Secondary consumer
D) Tertiary consumer
E) Primary consumer
As organic matter is broken down (decomposed),
its chemical elements are released back to the
environment, where, in the inorganic state,
they may be reabsorbed by autotrophs
Ecosystem- what are they
Which biome would be most affected by a
large decrease in precipitation?
A) Desert
B) Tundra
C) Coniferous forest
D) Temperate forest
E) grassland
Ecosystem- what are they
Which biome would be most affected by a large
decrease in precipitation?
A) Desert
B) Tundra
C) Coniferous forest
D) Temperate forest
E) Grassland
Temperate forests require 30-80 inches of rain per
year to support large trees, the greatest
precipitation level of all the biomes listed.
Tropical rain forests require an even greater
amount of rainfall than temperate forests.
Ecosystem- what are they
All of the following are examples of
heterotrophs EXCEPT
A) Vulture
B) Bacteria
C) Moss
D) Human
E) mushroom
Ecosystem- what are they
All of the following are examples of
heterotrophs EXCEPT
A) Vulture
B) Bacteria
C) Moss
D) Human
E) mushroom
Ecosystem- what are they
The Sahel region of Africa, where the
Sahara Desert meets the grassland, best
describes a
A) Population
B) Association
C) Biosphere
D) Ecotone
E) ecosystem
Ecosystem- what are they
The Sahel region of Africa, where the Sahara
Desert meets the grassland, best describes a
A) Population
B) Association
C) Biosphere
D) Ecotone
E) Ecosystem
Is a transitional area between two ecosystems that
has characteristics of both
Ecosystem- what are they
All of the following are examples of abiotic
factors EXCEPT
A) Temperature
B) pH
C) Wind
D) Salinity
E) vegetation
Ecosystem- what are they
All of the following are examples of abiotic
factors EXCEPT
A) Temperature
B) pH
C) Wind
D) Salinity
E) vegetation
Ecosystem- what are they
Which of the following would help to restore
biodiversity?
A) Increasing living standards in the developing
world
B) Deregulating pollution controls
C) Introducing nonnative species into an
environment
D) Maintaining current levels of production and
consumption
E) Protecting ecosystems
Ecosystem- what are they
Which of the following would help to restore
biodiversity?
A) Increasing living standards in the developing
world
B) Deregulating pollution controls
C) Introducing nonnative species into an
environment
D) Maintaining current levels of production and
consumption
E) Protecting ecosystems
Ecosystem- what are they
If you travel south from Canada Costa Rica,
you would pass through many biomes.
This change in biome is mainly the result
of
A) Altitude
B) Human factors
C) Increase in temperature and precipitation
D) Ocean currents
E) succession
Ecosystem- what are they
If you travel south from Canada Costa Rica, you would
pass through many biomes. This change in biome is
mainly the result of
A) Altitude
B) Human factors
C) Increase in temperature and precipitation
D) Ocean currents
E) Succession
As you move from the poles to the equator, the amount of
rainfall generally increases, and the temperature tends
to increase. As you go from Canada to Costa Rica,
the change in biomes is mainly the result of increase in
temp and precip
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which of the following is NOT a primary
depository for the element listed?
A) carbon—coal
B) Nitrogen—nitrogen gas in the atm
C) Phosphorus—marble and limestone
D) Sulfur—deep ocean deposits
E) All are correct
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which of the following is NOT a primary depository
for the element listed?
A) carbon—coal
B) Nitrogen—nitrogen gas in the atm
C) Phosphorus—marble and limestone
D) Sulfur—deep ocean deposits
E) All are correct
The primary sinks for phosphorus are ocean
sediments and certain islands rich in guano
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Burning fossil fuels coupled with
deforestation increases the amount of
_____ in the atmosphere
A) NO2
B) CO2
C) SO2
D) O3
E) All of the above are correct
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Burning fossil fuels coupled with deforestation increases
the amount of _____ in the atmosphere
A) NO2
B) CO2
C) SO2
D) O3
E) All of the above are correct
Burning fossil fuels releases sulfur oxides(SOx), carbon
oxides and nitrogen oxides. Ozone is not produced by
burning fossil fuels. Deforestation releases carbon
dioxide. Since the questions said “coupled” the gas
that is common to both processes is carbon dioxide.
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
In the nitrogen fixation cycle, cyanobacteria in the
soil and water and Rhizobium bacteria in root
systems are responsible for converting
A) Organic material to ammonia and ammonium
ions
B) Ammonia, ammonium ions, and nitrate ions to
DNA, amino acids, and proteins
C) Ammonia and nitrite ions to nitrate ions
D) Nitrogen and hydrogen gas to ammonia
E) Ammonia to nitrite and nitrate ions
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
In the nitrogen fixation cycle, cyanobacteria in the
soil and water and Rhizobium bacteria in root
systems are responsible for converting
A) Organic material to ammonia and ammonium
ions
B) Ammonia, ammonium ions, and nitrate ions to
DNA, amino acids, and proteins
C) Ammonia and nitrite ions to nitrate ions
D) Nitrogen and hydrogen gas to ammonia
E) Ammonia to nitrite and nitrate ions
This is the first step in the nitrogen cycle and is
called nitrogen fixation.
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The cycle listed that has the most immediate
effect on acid precipitation would be the
A) Carbon cycle
B) Sulfur cycle
C) Water cycle
D) Phosphorus cycle
E) Rock cycle
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The cycle listed that has the most immediate effect
on acid precipitation would be the
A) Carbon cycle
B) Sulfur cycle
C) Water cycle
D) Phosphorus cycle
E) Rock cycle
Sulfur dioxide produced by industry enters the
atmosphere and returns to Earth as sulfuric
acid
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Nitrogen is assimilated in plants in what
form?
A)nitrite, NO2B) ammonia, NH3
C) ammonium, NH4+
D) nitrate, NO3E) Choices B, C and D
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Nitrogen is assimilated in plants in what form?
A)nitrite, NO2B) ammonia, NH3
C) ammonium, NH4+
D) nitrate, NO3E) Choices B, C and D
The nitrite ion is toxic to plants, in the nitrogen
cycle, during assimilation, plant roots absorb
nitrate
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Plants assimilate sulfur primarily in what
form?
• sulfates, SO4 2• Sulfites, SO3 2• Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S
• Sulfur Dioxide, SO2
• Elemental Sulfur
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Plants assimilate sulfur primarily in what form?
• sulfates, SO4 2• Sulfites, SO3 2• Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S
• Sulfur Dioxide, SO2
• Elemental Sulfur
Hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are toxic to
living organisms; some sulfate compounds are
soluble in water, which allows the sulfate ion to
be able to be absorbed by plants; elemental
sulfur is not soluble in water and therefore
cannot be absorbed
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Humans increase sulfur in the atmosphere
and thereby increase acid deposition by
all of the following activities EXCEPT
• Industrial processing
• Processing (smelting) ores to produce
metals
• Burning coal
• Refining petroleum
• Clear-cutting
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Humans increase sulfur in the atmosphere and
thereby increase acid deposition by all of the
following activities EXCEPT
• Industrial processing
• Processing (smelting) ores to produce metals
• Burning coal
• Refining petroleum
• Clear-cutting
Clear-cutting produces carbon dioxide, not sulfur
dioxide
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Phosphorus is being added to the
environment by all of the following
activities EXCEPT
• Runoff from feedlots
• Slashing and burning in tropical areas
• Stream runoff
• Burning coal and fossil fuels
• Mining to produce inorganic fertilizer
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Phosphorus is being added to the environment by all of the
following activities EXCEPT
•
Runoff from feedlots
•
Slashing and burning in tropical areas
•
Stream runoff
•
Burning coal and fossil fuels
•
Mining to produce inorganic fertilizer
Animal manure and guano are rich in phosphate. In the
tropics, most the nutrients are contained within the
vegetation. Little is being retained in the soil since
much of it leaches due to high rainfall. Phosphorus
would then be released back into the environment by
cutting down vegetation and burning it– thereby
releasing it and being subjected to runoff. Mining
phosphates for fertilizer and industrial products takes
phosphorus out of sinks and puts it into the
environment.
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon dioxide is a reactant in
• Photosynthesis
• Cellular respiration
• The Haber-Bosch process
• Nitrogen fixation
• None of the above
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon dioxide is a reactant in
• Photosynthesis
• Cellular respiration
• The Haber-Bosch process
• Nitrogen fixation
• None of the above
The reaction for photosynthesis is 6CO2 +
6H2O + sunlight - C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Cellular respiration is the reverse.
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Human activity adds significant amounts of
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere by all
of the following EXCEPT
• Brush clearing
• Burning wood
• Burning fossil fuels
• Clear-cutting
• Agricultural runoff
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Human activity adds significant amounts of carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere by all of the
following EXCEPT
• Brush clearing
• Burning wood
• Burning fossil fuels
• Clear-cutting
• Agricultural runoff
Agricultural runoff, primarily from fertilizers and
feedlots, adds nitrates and phosphates to
streams and results in cultural eutrophication
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
All of the following have an impact on the
nitrogen cycle EXCEPT
• The application of inorganic fertilizers
applied to the soil
• The action of aerobic bacteria acting on
livestock wastes
• The overplanting of nitrogen-rich crops
• The discharge of municipal sewage
• The burning of fossil fuels
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
All of the following have an impact on the nitrogen cycle
EXCEPT
•
The application of inorganic fertilizers applied to the
soil
•
The action of aerobic bacteria acting on livestock
wastes
•
The overplanting of nitrogen-rich crops
•
The discharge of municipal sewage
•
The burning of fossil fuels
The bacteria that normally work to decompose livestock
wastes are anaerobic; operate only in environments
with little or no oxygen, and produce nitrous oxide
(N2O). Digesters can be constructed to reduce
livestock wastes to methane gas (CH4), which can
then be burned as a fuel
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which of the following is a macronutrient
essential for the formation of proteins?
• Sulfur
• Nitrogen
• Iron
• Cobalt
• Molybdenum
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which of the following is a macronutrient essential
for the formation of proteins?
• Sulfur
• Nitrogen
• Iron
• Cobalt
• Molybdenum
The growth of all organisms depends on the
availability of macro-and micronutrients and
none is more important than nitrogen, which is
required in large amounts as an essential
component of proteins, nucleic acids, and
other cellular constituents
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which of the following bacteria are able to
convert soil nitrites to nitrates?
• Nitrosomonas
• Nitrobacter
• Rhizobium
• Penicillium
• Clostridium
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which of the following bacteria are able to
convert soil nitrites to nitrates?
• Nitrosomonas
• Nitrobacter
• Rhizobium
• Penicillium
• Clostridium
Nitrosomonas bacteria oxidize ammonia to
nitrite; Nitrobacter then oxidize nitrite to
nitrate; Denitrifying bacteria reduce
nitrate to N gas
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which of the following cycles would be
considered sedimentary?
• Carbon cycle
• Water cycle
• Phosphorus cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
• Sulfur cycle
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which of the following cycles would be considered
sedimentary?
• Carbon cycle
• Water cycle
• Phosphorus cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
• Sulfur cycle
The largest reservoir of phosphorus is sedimentary
rock. The phosphorus cycle originates with the
introduction of phosphate into soils from the
weathering of rocks. Phosphate enters living
ecosystems when plants take up phosphate
ions from the soil
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The energy that drives the hydrologic cycle
comes primarily from
• Trade winds
• Solar energy and gravity
• Earth’s rotation on its axis
• Ocean currents and wind patterns
• Solar radiation
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The energy that drives the hydrologic cycle
comes primarily from
• Trade winds
• Solar energy and gravity
• Earth’s rotation on its axis
• Ocean currents and wind patterns
• Solar radiation
Solar energy allows water to change phase
and gravity causes rain to fall and rivers
to flow
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which one of the following processes is
working against gravity?
• Precipitation
• Percolation
• Runoff
• Transpiration
• Infiltration
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which one of the following processes is
working against gravity?
• Precipitation
• Percolation
• Runoff
• Transpiration
• Infiltration
Transpiration is the process by which water
moves upward from the soil through the
roots and out through the leave of plants
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Ammonium ions (NH4+) are converted to
nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite ions (NO2-)
through which process?
• Assimilation
• Denitrification
• Nitrogen fixation
• Nitrification
• Ammonification
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Ammonium ions (NH4+) are converted to nitrate (NO3-)
and nitrite ions (NO2-) through which process?
•
Assimilation
•
Denitrification
•
Nitrogen fixation
•
Nitrification
•
Ammonification
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia into
nitrite ions followed by the oxidation of nitrites into
nitrates. The oxidation of ammonia into nitrites is done
by bacteria belong to the genera Nitrosomonas and
Nitrosococcus. The oxidation of nitrite ions into nitrate
ions is done by bacteria belonging to the genus
Nitrobacter
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which form of nitrogen is most usable by
plants?
• Nitrate
• Nitrite
• Nitrogen gas
• Ammonia
• Atomic nitroge
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Which form of nitrogen is most usable by
plants?
• Nitrate
• Nitrite
• Nitrogen gas
• Ammonia
• Atomic nitrogen
Nitrite and ammonia are more toxic to plants
than nitrate. Plants cannot use nitrogen
from the atm directly
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The most abundant element in the Earth’s
atmosphere is
• Neon
• Carbon dioxide
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Water vapor
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The most abundant element in the Earth’s
atmosphere is
• Neon
• Carbon dioxide
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Water vapor
78%
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The process by which microbes recycle
nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere
by using nitrate as a substitute for
oxygen
• Denitrification
• Nitrogen fixation
• Industrial fixation
• Nitrification
• ammonification
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The process by which microbes recycle nitrogen
gas back into the atmosphere by using nitrate
as a substitute for oxygen
• Denitrification
• Nitrogen fixation
• Industrial fixation
• Nitrification
• Ammonification
Denitrification is a process in which certain
microbes use nitrate as a substitute for
oxygen, thus recycling nitrogen gas back to the
atm
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts refers to energy in
storage?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts refers to energy in
storage?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts states that energy
can be converted from one form to
another?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts states that energy
can be converted from one form to
another?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts refers to the loss of
usable energy to heat?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts refers to the loss of
usable energy to heat?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts refers to energy in
action or in motion?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts refers to energy in
action or in motion?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts states that some
usable energy is always lost in any
conversion?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
A) First law of thermodynamics
B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Entropy
D) Kinetic energy
E) Potential energy
Which of the concepts states that some
usable energy is always lost in any
conversion?
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The part of the earth that is occupied by
living things is the
• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Transosphere
• Biosphere
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
The part of the earth that is occupied by
living things is the
• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Transosphere
• Biosphere
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Matter is
• Anything with mass and takes up space
• Anything with the ability to do work
• Made up of atoms
• Two or more different kinds of atoms
bonded together
• Anything with the ability to be changed in
form or shape
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Matter is
• Anything with mass and takes up
space
• Anything with the ability to do work
• Made up of atoms
• Two or more different kinds of atoms
bonded together
• Anything with the ability to be changed in
form or shape
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
All forms of water make up the
• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Transophere
• Biosphere
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
All forms of water make up the
• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Transophere
• Biosphere
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Global warming has been linked to humans
altering which cycle?
• Nitrogen cycle
• Phosphorus cycle
• Carbon cycle
• Water cycle
• None of the above
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Global warming has been linked to humans
altering which cycle?
• Nitrogen cycle
• Phosphorus cycle
• Carbon cycle
• Water cycle
• None of the above
Global warming results from an excess of
carbon dioxide in the atm. This excess
of carbon dioxide is linked to humans
burning of fossil fuels
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon dioxide is being added to the Earth’s
atmosphere in all of the following ways
EXCEPT for
• Combustion of fossil fuels
• Cellular respiration
• Volcanism
• Decomposition
• photosynthesis
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Carbon dioxide is being added to the Earth’s
atmosphere in all of the following ways
EXCEPT for
• Combustion of fossil fuels
• Cellular respiration
• Volcanism
• Decomposition
• photosynthesis
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Nodules would most likely be found on the
roots of what plant species?
• Grasses
• Oaks
• Legumes
• Daisies
• chrysanthemums
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
Nodules would most likely be found on the
roots of what plant species?
• Grasses
• Oaks
• Legumes
• Daisies
• chrysanthemums
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
As more people move to cities, the amount
of available groundwater is reduced. This
is because of
• More surface runoff
• Greater evaporation
• Greater transpiration
• Higher humidity
• Dust contributing to atmospheric
pollution
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
As more people move to cities, the amount of
available groundwater is reduced. This is
because of
• More surface runoff
• Greater evaporation
• Greater transpiration
• Higher humidity
• Dust contributing to atmospheric pollution
As people cover soil with roads, buildings, etc.,
less precipitation is able to percolate
downward into aquifers and more runs off into
rivers and streams
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
What would most likely happen to a forest
that has been clear cut?
• Biodiversity will increase
• The depth of soil will increase
• The water supply will be unaffected
• The amount of water in local rivers will
increase
• Pollutants such as nitrates and
phosphates will increase in the river
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles
What would most likely happen to a forest that has
been clear cut?
• Biodiversity will increase
• The depth of soil will increase
• The water supply will be unaffected
• The amount of water in local rivers will
increase
• Pollutants such as nitrates and phosphates
will increase in the river
As forests are clear cut, pollutants such as nitrates
and phosphates from the land run off into and
contaminate rivers and streams
How Ecosystems Change
In an aquatic ecosystem undergoing
thousands of years of succession, the
climax community will most likely be a
A) Deep lake
B) Bog or forest
C) Bare-bottom lake
D) Taiga
E) Bare rock
How Ecosystems Change
In an aquatic ecosystem undergoing thousands of
years of succession, the climax community will
most likely be a
A) Deep lake
B) Bog or forest
C) Bare-bottom lake
D) Taiga
E) Bare rock
Succession can occur in lakes or ponds as soil
settles and gradually fills them. A climax
community can be a bog or a forest
How Ecosystems Change
When will parasites have the least effect on prey
population?
A) When the prey population density is low, the predator
population density is high
B) When the prey population density is high, the predator
population density is high
C) When the prey population density is high, the predator
population density is low
D) When the prey population density is low, the predator
population density is low
E) When the prey population density is high, the predator
is not present in ecosystem
How Ecosystems Change
When will parasites have the least effect on prey
population?
A) When the prey population density is low, the predator
population density is high
B) When the prey population density is high, the predator
population density is high
C) When the prey population density is high, the predator
population density is low
D) When the prey population density is low, the
predator population density is low
E) When the prey population density is high, the predator
is not present in ecosystem
When the population density of both the prey and predator
are low, parasites have fewer animals to infect.
How Ecosystems Change
What occurs when a foreign species is introduced
into an ecosystem?
A) A definite long-run increase in biodiversity
B) A definite long-run decrease in biodiversity
C) A new, dynamic equilibrium in the ecosystem
D) A fragmented edge effect on an ecosystem
E) None of the above
How Ecosystems Change
What occurs when a foreign species is introduced into an
ecosystem?
A) A definite long-run increase in biodiversity
B) A definite long-run decrease in biodiversity
C) A new, dynamic equilibrium in the ecosystem
D) A fragmented edge effect on an ecosystem
E) None of the above
The introduction of nonnative species into an ecosystem
results in 3 outcomes: the species dies out, the
species becomes part of the natural ecosystem, or (in
the worst case) the species becomes invasive and
outcompetes native species
How Ecosystems Change
A) Housefly B) African elephants
Which best illustrates a K strategist?
How Ecosystems Change
A) Housefly B) African elephants
Which best illustrates a K strategist?
African elephants
How Ecosystems Change
A) Housefly B) African elephants
Which has the lowest level of recruitment?
The housefly offspring have a poor chance
of surviving to adulthood, so they have
the lowest level of recruitment
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
All of the following will increase the ability of
soil to hold water EXCEPT
A) Clay
B) Humus
C) Loam
D) Organic fertilizers
E) Inorganic fertilizers
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
All of the following will increase the ability of
soil to hold water EXCEPT
A) Clay
B) Humus
C) Loam
D) Organic fertilizers
E) Inorganic fertilizers
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
All of the following techniques will help
minimize soil erosion EXCEPT
A) no-till farming
B) Strip cropping
C) Deforestation
D) Alley cropping
E) terracing
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
All of the following techniques will help
minimize soil erosion EXCEPT
A) no-till farming
B) Strip cropping
C) Deforestation
D) Alley cropping
E) terracing
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Which of the following would help decrease
the effect of erosion?
A) Encouraging people to move to cities
B) Using center-pivot irrigation techniques
C) Adding organic fertilizers to the soil
D) Clear cutting an area of forest to plant
crops for local families
E) Building dams on local rivers
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Which of the following would help decrease the
effect of erosion?
A) Encouraging people to move to cities
B) Using center-pivot irrigation techniques
C) Adding organic fertilizers to the soil
D) Clear cutting an area of forest to plant crops
for local families
E) Building dams on local rivers
Adding organic fertilizers such as compost to the
soil lessens soil erosion. Organic fertilizers
add to the soil and, by covering it, protect it
from wind and rain
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Surface litter is known as the
A) O horizon
B) A horizon
C) E horizon
D) B horizon
E) C horizon
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Surface litter is known as the
A) O horizon
B) A horizon
C) E horizon
D) B horizon
E) C horizon
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
The soil layer that contains iron, aluminum,
and calcium is called the
A) O horizon
B) A horizon
C) E horizon
D) B horizon
E) C horizon
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
The soil layer that contains iron, aluminum, and
calcium is called the
A) O horizon
B) A horizon
C) E horizon
D) B horizon
E) C horizon
The B horizon, also known as subsoil, has many
minerals such as iron, aluminum and calcium
that are leached from the layers above
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Light-colored soil usually indicates
A) Soil that is low in minerals
B) Soil that is very fertile
C) Soil containing a lot of humus
D) Soil containing a lot of organic material
E) Soil that is good for farming and
agriculture
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Light-colored soil usually indicates
A) Soil that is low in minerals
B) Soil that is very fertile
C) Soil containing a lot of humus
D) Soil containing a lot of organic material
E) Soil that is good for farming and agriculture
A light-colored soil usually contains a lot of sand
and is low in nutrients
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Which of the following leads to
desertification?
A) Addition of organic material
B) Using no-till agricultural techniques
C) Using drip irrigation
D) Overgrazing
E) Addition of humus to agricultural lands
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Which of the following leads to
desertification?
A) Addition of organic material
B) Using no-till agricultural techniques
C) Using drip irrigation
D) Overgrazing
E) Addition of humus to agricultural lands
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
What is the benefit of using organic fertilizers?
• They are able to maximize water-holding
capacities
• The exact chemical content is known
• Nutrients are quickly leached away
• Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are
absent
• They raise soil pH, which is good for crops
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
What is the benefit of using organic fertilizers?
• They are able to maximize water-holding
capacities
• The exact chemical content is known
• Nutrients are quickly leached away
• Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are
absent
• They raise soil pH, which is good for crops
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
What dark, rich soils found in grasslands are
considered the world’s agricultural soils?
• Mollisols
• Oxisols
• Alfisols
• Aridisols
• parasols
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
What dark, rich soils found in grasslands are
considered the world’s agricultural soils?
• Mollisols
• Oxisols
• Alfisols
• Aridisols
• Parasols
Mollisols are fertile,dark soils found in temperate
grassland biomes and are considered the best
agricultural soils
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
What is one way to reverse the problem of
soil salinization?
• Add acid to lower the soil pH
• Add pesticides to increase crop yields
• Change to crops that can survive large
amounts of salt
• Add large amounts of water to leach out
the salts
• Add fertilizers to increase soil fertility
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
What is one way to reverse the problem of soil
salinization?
• Add acid to lower the soil pH
• Add pesticides to increase crop yields
• Change to crops that can survive large
amounts of salt
• Add large amounts of water to leach out the
salts
• Add fertilizers to increase soil fertility
Adding large amounts of water to crops to flush the
salt out of the soil; however this technique has
many negative ecological results
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Farmers would choose which soil type for
their crops?
• Sand
• Silt
• Clay
• Loam
• mud
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
Farmers would choose which soil type for their
crops?
• Sand
• Silt
• Clay
• Loam
• Mud
Loam, which is 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay,
is considered good soil type by farmers
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
List 3 ways a person could control erosion
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
List 3 ways a person could control erosion
No-till or low-till farming
Alley cropping (planting crops between
strips of trees)
Shelterbelts
Contour farming
Strip cropping (planting alternating rows of
different crop types)
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
You pick up a sample of soil and decide you
want to find out what kind of texture it
has. Using a soil-texture kit, you
determine that the soil is 20% sand, 60%
silt, and 20% clay. Use the soil texture
triangle to determine the texture of your
soil.
Soil:
Foundation for Land Ecosystems
You pick up a sample of soil and decide you
want to find out what kind of texture it
has. Using a soil-texture kit, you
determine that the soil is 20% sand, 60%
silt, and 20% clay. Use the soil texture
triangle to determine the texture of your
soil.
Loam