Transcript Community Interactions

Objective: Learn What Factors Make an Ecosystem More Stable
Key Words: Biodiversity, Genetic Variation,
Grassland
Forest
Desert
Rainforest
Do Now:
Write 4 factors that determine the stability in an ecosystem
Biodiversity, Cycle of Matter, Genetic variation, Flow of Energy
The more biodiversity present in an ecosystem the more stable the
ecosystem is.
Flow of Energy
Genetic
variation
Stability
Cycle of Matter
Biodiversity
Community
Interactions
When organisms live
together in ecological
communities, they
interact constantly.
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
Competition
Organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological
resource in the same place at the same time
The competitive exclusion principle:
No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
Predation
One organism captures and feeds another organism
• The organism that does the killing and eating is called the Predator
• The food organism is the Prey
Cheetah
Impala
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
Symbiosis
Two species live closely together
Parasitism
Mutualism
Both species benefit
from the relationship
Many flowers
depend on certain
species of insects
to pollinate them
Commensalism
One member of the
association benefits
and the other is neither
helped nor harmed
Small marine animals
called barnacles, attach
themselves to a
whale’s skin
One organism lives
on or inside another
organism and
harms it
Parasites: fleas,
tapeworms, ticks,
lice… obtain nutrients
from another organism
(Host)
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
-
-
+
-
+
+
Mutualism
+
O
Commensalism
+
Parasitism
Predation
Commensalism
Parasitism
Predation
Competitions
-
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
• Termites have cellulose-digesting microorganisms living in their digestive tracts.
Without these microorganisms, termites could not get nutrients from the wood they
eat. In turn, the termites, provide the microorganisms with food and a place to live.
termites
Cellulose-digesting
microorganisms
Mutualism
This type of relationship is know as ______________________________
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
termites
Cellulose-digesting
microorganisms
Lichens
Pilot fish
termites
Legumes, clover,
alfalfa, peas
Nodules on the
roots with bacteria
tapeworm
Clownfish
Anemone
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
• Pilot fish are small fish that live with sharks. They eat the scraps left over from the
shark’s feeding. Thus, the shark provides the pilot fish with food. The pilot fish
neither helps nor hurts the shark.
Pilot fish
Commensalism
This type of relationship is know as ______________________________
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
• Lichens consist of algal or blue-green
bacterial and fungal cells.
• Both types of cells benefit from this
association.
• It allows them to live in environments in
which neither could survive alone.
• Through photosynthesis, the algae or bluegreen bacteria produce food for themselves
and for the fungi.
• The fungi provide moisture and the
structural framework and attachment sites in
which the algae or bacteria grow.
Mutualism
This type of relationship is know as ______________
Lichens
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
• Legumes, clover, alfalfa, peas, have nodules on their roots in which certain bacteria
grow.
• The bacteria convert nitrogen gas from the air in the soil into forms usable by the
plants.
• In this relationship, the plants are supplied with the nitrogen compounds they need,
while the bacteria are given an environment in which they can grow and reproduce.
Mutualism
This type of relationship is know as ______________
Nodules on
the roots with
bacteria
Legumes, clover, alfalfa,
peas
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
• Tapeworms live in the digestive tracts of various animals.
• There they are provided with nutrients and an environment in which to grow and
reproduce.
• However the host is harmed by the presence of the tapeworms.
• The loss of nutrients and tissue damage caused by the worm can cause serious
illness.
Parasitism
This type of relationship is know as ______________________________
tapeworm
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Competition, Predation, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Host
• Clownfish and anemone, each protects the other against predators. The fish is able to
produce a special mucus that causes the anemone not to release its stings. In return
for the anemone's protection, the fish brings scraps to it, and lures larger fish into the
anemone's tentacles
Mutualism
This type of relationship is know as ______________________________
Clownfish
Anemone
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Scavenger, Parasite, Host, Omnivore, Saprophyte
Raccoon
Hyena
Ticks
Vulture
Lice
Fleas
Objective: Understand the Community Interactions in an Ecosystem
Key Words: Scavenger, Parasite, Host, Omnivore, Saprophyte
PREDATORS
HERBIVORES
Carnivores that kill and
consume their prey.
Organisms that feed on
plants and plants materials.
Ex: owls, wolves
Ex: cows, horses, sheep
CARNIVORES
Organisms that feed on other
animals.
Ex: wolves, lions, tigers
SAPROPHYTES or
DECOMPOSER
FOOD
NUTRIENTS
Organisms that feed on dead
an decaying organisms
Ex: bacteria, fungi
SCAVENGERS
PARASITES
OMNIVORES
Carnivores that feed on dead
animals that they find.
Organisms that attack other
live organisms but not kill
them.
Animals that feed on both
plants and animals.
Ex: buzzards, vultures,
hyenas, raccoons
Ex: human, bear, pig
Ex: ticks, lice, fleas
Ant-aphid mutualism: the aphids are
protected against predators by the ants who
cultivate the aphids for their secretions of
honeydew, a food source