Transcript Power Point

Digestion
How do we get the elements
of life? What do we do with
these macromolecules?
State Standards 4.1
• Explain generally how the digestive
system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines,
rectum) converts macromolecules
from food into smaller molecules
that can be used by cells for energy
and for repair and growth.
Pre-reading
Life-giving molecules discovered on Comet 67P
• Go to NewsELA and read this article to
“seed” your understanding of why this
matters to humans.
• You may have to create an account. I have
sent you a link to do so in your school email.
• https://newsela.com/articles/cometslife/id/18258/
Hydrolysis and Synthesis
• Describe the synthesis and decomposition of
the macromolecules.
– Video 1 – Condensation reaction – What is it? What are the
reactants and products?
– Hydrolysis reactions - What is it? What are the
reactants and products?
– Enzyme interaction/ reactant-Substrate interface What is it? What are the reactants and products?
Video vocab
• Important Vocabulary
– Reactants = a substance that takes part in and
undergoes change during a reaction.
– Products = A substance that is formed from a
chemical reaction
– Hydrolysis = The chemical breakdown of a
compound due to reaction with water.
– Condensation = a reaction in which two molecules
form a larger molecule, producing a small
molecule such as H2O.
Hydrolysis and Synthesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnnfN5BIX7E
What happens in a condensation RX
• A functional group combines to make a new
molecule and water.
R–O–R
This can make
disaccharides,
Triglycerides and
polypeptides
H-O-H
Water
What happens in a Hydrolysis RX
• Water combines with the polymer and splits it apart.
The HOH breaks into OH and H and joins the smaller
new molecules.
H-O-H
Water
R – O – R (Polymer)
disaccharides,
Triglycerides and
polypeptides
Peptide bond
Peptide Bond
Triglyceride RX
Enzyme Vocab
• Substrate - the substance on which an enzyme
acts.
• Enzyme active site – a region on an enzyme
that binds to a protein or other substance
during a reaction.
• Product - a substance that is formed as the
result of a chemical reaction
How do enzymes work
• How do enzymes work –
• Video 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myORD
WVzNhc
•
• Video 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm75-PL4
Digestion in the mouth
Describe what is being broken down and
absorbed at each stage of the process.
– Mouth
• Mechanical Breakdown
– Mechanism – This means what is happening when the breakdown is
occurring.
– What parts of the body are being used and how?
• Chemical Breakdown
– Major enzymes used – This means what chemicals are present to
break molecules apart?
– What macromolecules do they affect and what are their names.
– What organ or gland produces the enzyme?
• What is being absorbed? –
– This means what molecules are being passed into the blood stream
or have reached their final stage of breakdown.
Mouth vocab
• Salivary glands - a gland that produces saliva and salivary
amylase into the mouth
• Salivary Amylase –An enzyme that breaks down complex
carbohydrates
• Sucrase – An enzyme that breaks down fructose and
glucose
• Pepsin - Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down protein
• Ribonuclease - is an enzyme that breaks down RNA into
smaller component.
• Mechanical shearing – cutting, grinding or crushing an
object. Done with your with your teeth.
Mouth Vocab Continued
• Chemical Digestion – Chemical and Enzymatic
break down of food into smaller molecules.
• Mechanical Digestion - Physical breakdown of
large pieces of food into smaller pieces by
shearing of grinding.
• Bolus - The ball of food formed by the tongue
after chewing and mixing with saliva.
What should my notes look like?
• Name
• Title of the notes or the objective
Mouth
Your
clarifying
notes go
here.
1- Mechanical Breakdown
2- Chemical Breakdown
3- What is being absorbed –
Date
Mouth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuEVWjwP_KM
Digestion in the Stomach
Digestion in the Stomach
• Use the this video for the intestines to see
what happens in the stomach.
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzLoUCCASw
M
• You can also google it and read about what
the stomach does.
• Follow the guide provided and answer the
questions completely.
Digestion in the Stomach.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzLoUCCASwM
Enzymes in the stomach and Vocab
Gastric Juices
• HCl – Hydrochloric Aid
– Digests proteins in the stomach.
– Breaks down bone and mineral materials
– Destroys bacteria's in the stomach.
• Pepsin – Digests proteins in the stomach.
• Lipase – Digests lipids in the stomach.
• Chyme - Partially digested, semi-liquid food
mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the
stomach.
What should my notes look like?
• Name
• Title of the notes or the objective
Stomach
Your
clarifying
notes go
here.
1- Mechanical Breakdown
2- Chemical Breakdown
3- What is being absorbed –
Date
Digestion in the Intestine
Intestine Vocab
• Trypsin - Cleaves peptide chains and is secreted by
the pancreas
• Chymotrypsin - Cleaves peptide chains and is
secreted by the pancreas
• Small Intestine - Digestive organ where most
chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place
• Pacreas - Gland that makes digestive enzymes and
secretes them into the small intestine.
• Gall bladder - An organ that stores bile and releases it
as needed into the small intestine
• Liver - Large lobed organ that makes bile, stores
glycogen/vitamins, processes toxins for kidneys
Small Intestines
– Video 1 –
– Chemical breakdown
– Major enzymes used - This means what chemicals are present
to break molecules apart?
– What macromolecules do they affect and what are their
names.
– What organ or gland produces the enzyme?
– What is being absorbed?
– his means what molecules are being passed into the blood
stream or have reached their final stage of breakdown.
What should my notes look like?
• Name
• Title of the notes or the objective
Small Intestines
Your
clarifying
notes go
here.
1- Mechanical Breakdown
2- Chemical Breakdown
3- What is being absorbed? –
Large Intestine
1 - What is being absorbed?
Date
Small Intestine digestion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmuQ6JvbI-M
Track of Digestion
• Use the interactive video to track the path of
food through the body.
• http://www.kitses.com/animation/swfs/digest
ion.swf
Test your knowledge
• Practice the following jognog quiz after you
have watched all videos and taken your notes.
– https://quizlet.com/_2mrs20
Other related videos.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFczvJp0
bpU
Condensation - basic principles
Condensation is a chemical process by which 2 molecules
are joined together to make a larger, more complex, molecule, with
the loss of water.
It is the basis for the synthesis of all the important biological
macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) from
their simpler sub-units.
It is important not to get condensation and hydrolysis muddled up, as
they are in fact opposite processes! Condensation is so called because
the product is drawn together from two other substances, in effect
getting smaller by losing water. It does not give off water to condense
and run down the window!
In all cases of condensation, molecules with projecting -H atoms are
linked to other molecules with projecting -OH groups,
producing H2O, ( H.OH ) also known as water, which then moves away
from the original molecules.
Hydrolysis
Polymers are broken down into monomers in a process
known as hydrolysis, which means "to split water," a
reaction in which a water molecule is used during the
breakdown . During these reactions, the polymer is broken
into two components. If the components are un-ionized,
one part gains a hydrogen atom (H-) and the other gains a
hydroxyl group (OH–) from a split water molecule. This is
what happens when monosaccharides are released
from complex carbohydrates via hydrolysis.
Source: Boundless. “Hydrolysis.” Boundless Biology. Boundless, 26 May. 2016.
Retrieved 04 Oct. 2016
from https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biologytextbook/biological-macromolecules-3/synthesis-of-biologicalmacromolecules-53/hydrolysis-295-11428/
Enzymes at a deeper glance
• 1.3 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts
that lower the activation energy of
biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as
pH and temperature, that have an effect on
enzymes.