Transcript Photosynthesis - Cloudfront.net

BIOLOGY
Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907
10th Edition
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)
bald eagle
150
Number
100
50
grizzly bear
0
1979
1981
1983 1985 1987
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
1989
Sylvia S. Mader
Conservation of
Biodiversity
zooplankton
kokanee salmon
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
1
Outline

Conservation Biology & Biodiversity


Value of Biodiversity



Direct Value
Indirect Value
Causes of Extinction





Extinction Rates
Habitat Loss
Alien Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Conservation Techniques
2
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity

Considers all aspects of biodiversity
General goal is conserving natural resources
for this and future generations
 Primary goal is the management of biodiversity
for sustainable use by humans

3
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity

Conservation biology supports certain
ethical principles
Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere
 Extinctions due to human actions are
undesirable
 Ecosystem interactions supporting biodiversity
are desirable
 Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary
change has value in and of itself

4
Biodiversity

At its simplest level, biodiversity is the
variety of species on Earth

Estimated that between 5 and 15 million
species currently exist
Genetic diversity refers to variations among
the members of a population
 Community diversity increases biodiversity
 Landscape diversity involves a group of
interacting ecosystems

5
Number of Described Species
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
plants 240,000
fungi 63,665
insects 900,000
animals 280,000
bacteria and
archaea 5,000
protists 55,000
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Biodiversity

Biodiversity hotspots
Contain about 20% of earth’s species
 Represent only about 1% of earth’s land area

7
Eagles and Bears Feed
on Spawning Salmon
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. Permission
required for reproduction or display.
kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp
bald eagle
150
Number
100
50
grizzly bear
0
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
zooplankton
kokanee salmon
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
8
Value of Biodiversity

Direct Value
Medicinal Value
 Agricultural Value

Crops
 Biological Pest Controls
 Pollinators


Consumptive Use Value
Wood
 Skins

9
Direct Value of Wildlife
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Wild species, like the rosy periwinkle,
Catharanthus roseus, are sources of many medicines.
Wild species, like many marine species,
provide us with food.
Wild species, like the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae,
are pollinators of agricultural and other plants.
Wild species, like rubber trees, Hevea, can provide a
product indefinitely if the forest is not destroyed.
Wild species, like the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus,
play a role in medical research.
Wild species, like ladybugs, Coccinella, play a
role in biological control of agricultural pests.
(Periwinkle): © Kevin Schaefer/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Armadillo): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Fishermen): © Herve Donnezan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Rubber harvest): © Bryn Campbell/Stone/Getty; (Bat): © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; (Ladybug): © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Value of Biodiversity

Indirect Value
Biogeochemical Cycles
 Waste Disposal
 Provision of Fresh Water
 Prevention of Soil Erosion
 Regulation of Climate
 Ecotourism

11
Indirect Value of Ecosystems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b.
Rate of Photosynthesis
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
1 2
a.
4
8
Number of Plant Species
16
c.
a: © William Smithey, Jr.; b: © Don and Pat Valenti/DRK Photo
12
Causes of Extinction

Habitat Loss
Occurs in all ecosystems
 Recent concern focused on tropical rain forests
and coral reefs


Habitat Fragmentation
13
Habitat Loss
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Roads cut through forest
Habitat Loss
Exotic Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Forest occurs in patches
Disease
0
20 40 60 80 100
a. Threats to
% Species
wildlife
Affected by Threat
b. Macaws on salt lick
Destroyed areas
c. Wildlife habitat is reduced.
14
Alien Species

Nonnative species that move, or are
moved, into a new ecosystem
Often have competitive edge against native
species
 Avenues of Human Introduction

Colonization
 Horticulture and Agriculture
 Accidental Transport

15
Alien Species
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a.
b.
16
Pollution

Any environmental change that adversely
affects living things
Acid Deposition
 Eutrophication
 Ozone Depletion
 Organic Chemicals
 Global Warming

17
Global Warming
Mean Global Temperature Change (°C)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5.5
5.0
maximum likely increase
4.5
4.0
most probable temperature
for a twofold increase in CO2
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
minimum likely increase
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
–0.5
1860
1900
1940
1980
2020
2060
2100
Year
a.
b.
b: Courtesy Walter C. Jaap/Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission
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Overexploitation
When the harvest is so great that the
population becomes severely reduced in
numbers
 The market forces driving the harvest:

Exotic Pets
 Hunting / Poaching
 Over-Harvesting Fisheries

19
Trawling
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Fishing by use of a drag net
b. Result of drag net fishing
a: © Shane Moore/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Peter Auster/University of Connecticut
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Conservation Techniques

Habitat Preservation


Keystone Species
Metapopulations

Small populations isolated because of habitat
fragmentation
Source Populations
 Sink Populations

21
Habitat Preservation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
a. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis
b. Old-growth forest; northern
spotted owl, Strix occidentalis
caurina (inset)
a: © Gerard Lacz/Peter Arnold, Inc.; b(Forest): © Art Wolfe/Artwolfe.com; b(Owl): © Pat & Tom Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.
22
Conservation Techniques
Landscape Preservation
 Landscape protection for one species
benefits other wildlife in the same space
 Edge Effect

The edge around a patch of habitat has
conditions different from the patch interior
 Edge does not count as effective habitat for
species requiring the conditions of the interior

23
Edge Effect
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
30.55%
increasing percentage of
patch influenced by edge effects
43.75%
64%
habitat patch
a.
brown-headed
cowbird chick
88.8%
yellow warbler
chick
area subject
to edge effect
b.
b: © Jeff Foott Productions
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Conservation Techniques

Computer Analyses

Gap Analysis
Find gaps in preservation efforts
 Try to identify areas where biodiversity is high
outside of currently preserved areas


Population Viability Analysis

Determine how much habitat a species requires to
maintain itself
25
Conservation Techniques

Habitat Restoration - Three Principles
Begin as soon as possible before remaining
fragments are lost
 Once natural history is understood, use
biological techniques to mimic natural
processes
 Goal is sustainable usage

26
Restoration of the Everglades
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tampa
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Original
watershed
boundary
A
75
Lake
Okeechobee
95
West
Palm Beach
B
C
Historic
Everglades
Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi
C
Fort
Lauderdale
Naples
75
Miami
Ten
Thousand
Islands
Everglades
National Park
T aylor
Slough
Gulf of
Mexico
D
American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
Florida
Bay
0
15
30 miles
a. Location of Everglades National Park (purple)
White ibis, Eudocimus albus
Roseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja
Wood stork, Mycteria americana
b. Wildlife in Everglades
(Panther): © Tom & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Alligator): © Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited;
(Ibis): © Stephen G. Maka; 47.11(Spoonbill): © Kim Heacox/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Stork): © Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers, Inc
27
Review

Conservation Biology & Biodiversity


Value of Biodiversity



Direct Value
Indirect Value
Causes of Extinction





Extinction Rates
Habitat Loss
Alien Species
Pollution
Overexploitation
Conservation Techniques
28
BIOLOGY
Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907
10th Edition
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)
bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)
bald eagle
150
Number
100
50
grizzly bear
0
1979
1981
1983 1985 1987
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp
1989
Sylvia S. Mader
Conservation of
Biodiversity
zooplankton
kokanee salmon
opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
29