Transcript Fish Part II

FISH
PHYLUM: CHORDATA
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
HOMEWORK
• READ P152- 156
• 1. COMPARE AND CONTRAST CYCLOID AND CTENOID SCALES.
• 2. HOW DO FISH MAINTAIN BOUYANCY IN WATER?
• 3. HOW DOES THE BODY SHAPE OF A TUNA AND A FLOUNDER
RELATE TO THEIR LIFESTYLE?
• 4. WHAT DO FISHES CALLED GRAZERS FEED ON?
• 5. NAME TWO BONY FISH WHICH ARE FILTER FEEDERS WHO FEED
ON PLANKTON.
HOMEWORK DUE THURSDAY
• READ P 157- 168 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING IN
COMPLETE SENTENCES
• 1. WHERE ARE SPIRACLES LOCATED AND WHAT IS THEIR
FUNCTION?
• 2. WHAT DO CHLORIDE CELLS DO?
• 3. WHERE ARE FISH TASTE BUDS LOCATED?
• 4. DEFINE ANADROMOUS AND GIVE ONE SPECIES AS
AN EXAMPLE.
• 5. NAME TWO REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES FISH USE IN
MATING.
CLASS: OSTEICHTHYES
• THE BONY FISHES - 98% OF ALL FISHES
• DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
• BONY SKELETON, THIN OVERLAPPING SCALES
• OPERCULUM
• SWIM BLADDER
• TERMINAL MOUTH
• MOST W/ FIN RAYS
HUGE DIVERSITY IN THE BONY FISH
• THINK ADAPTATION!
• THINK NICHE EXPLOITATION!
• THINK STAYING ALIVE, GETTING
FOOD, PASSING ON MORE GENES
THAN THE NEXT GUY!
1.
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF FISH ARE
BONY FISH?
2%
2.
98%
3.
89%
4.
50%
External Structure
As Chordates, fish have an
incredible variety of
characteristics.
Most are covered with flat scales
that fit into pockets in the skin
and have a mucus coating.
Some lack scales or have tiny scales. Scales may be cycloid,
ganoid or ctenoid types. Some can be reabsorbed if food is scarce.
Scales contain chromatophores that cause color changes for
camouflage, mating - species recognition or when stressed.
Iridocytes contain reflecting granules.
CYCLOID
• CYCLOID SCALES ARE THIN AND OVERLAPPING,
PERMITTING MORE FLEXIBILITY. UNLIKE GANOID
SCALES, CYCLOID SCALES GROW AS THE FISH GROWS,
AND IN SOME SPECIES, SHOW ANNUAL GROWTH RINGS.
CTENOID
• CTENOID OVERLAPPING SCALES HAVE TINY TEETH CALLED CTENII ON
THE POSTERIOR EDGE THAT GIVE THEM A ROUGH TEXTURE.
GANOID
• MOST ARE DIAMOND-SHAPED AND CONNECTED BY
PEG-AND-SOCKET JOINTS. IN STURGEONS, THE SCALES
ARE GREATLY ENLARGED INTO ARMOR PLATES ALONG
THE SIDES AND BACK, WHILE IN THE BOWFIN THE
SCALES ARE GREATLY REDUCED IN THICKNESS TO
RESEMBLE CYCLOID SCALES
COLORATION
• CHROMATOPHORES – W/ PIGMENT – FOR COLOR
• IRIDOPHORES – W/ CRYSTALS THAT RESULT IN STRUCTURAL COLORS
(RESULT WHEN A SPECIAL SURFACE REFLECTS ONLY CERTAIN COLORS
OF LIGHT)
USUALLY SILVER
CHROMATOPHORES
IRIDOPHORES
COLORATION
• WARNING COLORATION – RED YELLOW BLACK OR COMBINATIONS
OF SUCH COLORS
• CRYPTIC COLORATION – USED TO CAMOUFLAGE
• DISRUPTIVE COLORATION – USED TO CONFUSE PREDATORS ---- EX.
EYE SPOTS
WARNING
COLORATION
CRYPTIC COLORATION
DISRUPTIVE COLORATION
Circulation: Closed Circulatory system 2 chambered heart,
most ectothermic
Tuna, barracuda and a
few others maintain
temperature higher
(~10o) than environment
so technically they are
endothermic.
Vision: Poor to medium and usually only
lateral. The iris is not adjustable and lens
protrudes through the pupil.
Some fish can detect and generate weak
electrical currents.
This electro-perception is used to
communicate in schooling, aids in
migration, detecting and stunning prey.
Hearing: Aided by the lateral line, the swim bladder and the otoliths
(located in the inner ear) detect movements and affect balance.
Smell: Chemoreceptors are found on the mouth, lips, skin and fins.
Most of brain is olfactory lobes use for smell to find food.
Designed for Speed
Tuna are exquisitely designed for
speed and can swim at 45 mph for
long periods.
NOAA
They have a foldable dorsal
fin that fits into a groove
making it flush with the
body to reduce drag when
maneuvering.
The red blood cell count in tuna is equal to
mammals. – more oxygen more energy!!
Bluefin tuna and sailfish
are the fastest fish at
nearly at 70 mph.
Sun Fish – Slow Moving
The largest bony fish is the Mola Mola (Sunfish).
Molas eat plankton and can weigh 3000 pounds. They swim
slowly and do not have a fusiform body shape, although it can
be 11 ft. long.
Lionfish – Adaptation – poison spines
false eye
Cryptic coloration: false eye on
butterfly fish, kelp fish; countershading, (dark on dorsal surface
and light on ventral); camouflage;
aid in survival
Adaptation –
Eye spot – confuses predators
Which side is the head on???
Surgeonfish - Scalpel for protection
Seahorse
Seahorses are
beautiful fishes with
some remarkable
adaptations
including hard bony
armour on the body,
a prehensile tail
(which can be used
for holding on),
binocular vision,
excellent
camouflage They
have both an exoand endo- skeleton.
Green Moray Eel
Must constantly
open and close
their mouth to
pump water
through their gills
to breathe
Coloring for camouflage
Adapted for flight
----Escape from predator
Mahi Mahi (Hawaiian Name) – fast
notice homocercal caudal tail
AKA: dorado or dolphin fish
Adaptation – Spine for protection
The Cowfish
– Adaptations, Lure, large mouth
expandable stomach
Hairy Angler fish
100%
gs
lin
ng
e
0%
am
of
or
es
0%
C
0%
ha
CAMOFORES
C
4.
ho
re
s
CHANGELINGS
hr
om
at
op
3.
C
CHROMATOPHORES
ol
or
fo
rm
s
2.
C
1.
CELLS WHICH ALLOW FOR COLOR
CHANGE ARE CALLED
COLORFORMS
THE ONLY FISH WITH BOTH AND
EXOSKELETON AND AN ENDOSKELETON
1.
GREEN TURTLE
IS THE
17%
0%
as
G
Se
a
H
tro
p
or
se
ui
rt
sq
a
od
0%
Se
GASTROPOD
rtl
e
4.
Tu
SEA HORSE
n
3.
83%
re
e
SEA SQUIRT
G
2.
FISH HAVE A __ CHAMBERED HEART
3.
3
4.
4
0%
0%
0%
4
2
3
2.
100%
2
1
1
1.
ADAPTATIONS
• BARBELS- FEELERS FOR DETECTION
• TRIGGERS, SPINES, POISON – FOR PROTECTION AND PREDATION
• SCHOOLING – FOR PROTECTION
• COLORATION – FOR DEFENSE AND PREDATION
SCHOOLING
Schooling used by many
smaller fish population to
confuse predators not
allowing them to focus on a
single fish.
Scientists believe that the
coordination in the
movement of a school of
fish is due to chemical or
electrical signals
FIN SHAPES
• HOMOCERCAL VS. HETEROCERCAL TAIL
• HIGH ASPECT VS LOW ASPECT TAIL
CAUDAL FIN SHAPE
INCREASING THE SIZE OF THE CAUDAL FIN SHOULD INCREASE SPEED;
HOWEVER, INCREASING SIZE ALSO INCREASES DRAG
II.
ASPECT RATIO GIVES INFORMATION ON CAUDAL FIN EFFICIENCY
1.
1.
ASPECT RATIO = (FIN HEIGHT)2 / FIN AREA
LUNATE
ROUND
FORKED
TRUNCATE
Homocercal Tail
Reproduction: sexual, mostly external fertilization called spawning
Gonads - sac contains either sperm or eggs (roe).
Sex reversal is
common in reef fish
and in deep water fish
3 REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
ONLY TWO USED BY BONY FISH
• OVIPAROUS – LAY EGGS OR EGG CASES
• ENERGY FROM YOLK
• VIVIPAROUS – BEAR LIVE YOUNG ------ SOME SHARKS AND RAYS
• ENERGY FROM MOM
• OVOVIVIPAROUS – FORM “EGG” BUT KEEP INSIDE
• ENERGY FROM YOLK, BUT INSIDE MOM
Laying Eggs - spawning
External fertilaization
Lays Eggs….. And retain them in the body
Mouth Brooders
HERMAPHRODITISM
• MALE AND FEMALE GONADS
• STILL REPRODUCE WITH OTHER INDIVIDUALS
• MORE COMMON IN DEEP-SEA FISHES
• WHY HERMAPHRODITISM?
• IF YOU CAN’T FIND A FEMALE TO MATE WITH…….. WHY NOT JUST
BECOME A FEMALE?
OR IF YOU CAN’T BE WITH THE ONE YOU LOVE…. LOVE THE ONE
YOU’RE WITH
SEX REVERSAL
• SEA BASSES, GROUPERS, PARROTFISHES, WRASSES
• INDIVIDUAL STARTS LIFE AS A MALE, CHANGES INTO A FEMALE (OR VISAVERSA)
• WHY SEX REVERSAL?
-IN THE DEEP OCEAN CHANCE MEETINGS OF THE SAME SPECIES ARE NOT
WASTED WITH GENDER ISSUES
8%
8%
vi
p
vo
O
O
m
ni
vi
pa
r
ar
ou
s
ou
s
0%
ar
ou
s
OVOVIPAROUS
vi
p
4.
Vi
OMNIVIPAROUS
s
3.
83%
ro
u
VIVIPAROUS
vi
pa
2.
O
1.
BEARING LIVE YOUNG IS REFERRED
TO AS BEING
OVIPAROUS
WHEN THE MOTHER RETAINS THE
FERTILIZED EGG IT SHE REFERRED TO AS
1.
OVIPAROUS
BEING
50%
8%
ar
ou
s
vi
p
vo
O
O
m
ni
vi
pa
r
ar
ou
s
ou
s
0%
vi
p
OVOVIPAROUS
Vi
4.
s
OMNIVIPAROUS
ro
u
3.
42%
vi
pa
VIVIPAROUS
O
2.
EGG LAYERS ARE REFERRED TO AS
25%
17%
ra
ro
u
vi
pa
O
pa
r
m
ni
vi
s
ou
s
8%
O
OVIPARAROUS
ar
ou
s
4.
vi
p
OMNIVIPAROUS
vo
3.
O
OVOVIPAROUS
ar
ou
s
2.
50%
vi
p
VIVIPAROUS
Vi
1.
Respiration: Water containing 02 flows
over the gills in a different direction
than blood so diffusion is maximized;
muscles pump water through gills
Gases from the blood and/or gulped air are used to adjust
buoyancy in the swim bladder.
Several gill arches supporting
gill rakers and gill filaments
are covered by a flap called
the operculum.
NOAA
Gills help regulate the
salt/water balance called
osmoregulation.
“BREATHING”
• COUNTER-CURRENT EXCHANGE FOR MAX DIFFUSION EFFICIENCY
• DIFFUSION – THE PASSIVE TRANSPORT OF GASES (O2 AND CO2)
THROUGH A MEMBRANE
• HEMOGLOBIN – CARRIES OXY IN BLOOD
• MYOGLOBIN – STORES OXY IN MUSCLE
GAS EXCHANGE
• THE WAY THIS TAXON DOES GAS EXCHANGE IS THROUGH THEIR
GILLS. FISH TAKE IN WATER THROUGH THEIR MOUTH THAT CONTAINS
O2. THE O2 GOES INTO THE BLOODSTREAM. THE CO2 FROM THE
BLOOD STREAM IS RELEASED WITH THE WATER THROUGH THE FISH’S
GILLS.
GILL STRUCTURE
• GILL FILAMENTS – HIGHLY VASCULARISED (IT HAS A LOT OF BLOOD
VESSELS), LARGE SURFACE AREA
• GILL ARCH – SUPPORTS GILLS
• GILL RAKERS (FILAMENTS) – PROJECTIONS TO KEEP FOOD OUT OF
GILLS, OR MODIFIED TO CATCH FOOD
• LAMELLAE – DIVISIONS OF GILL FILAMENTS, GIVING EVEN MORE
SURFACE AREA
Water
Blood
Water
Blood
Oxygen Exchange through diffusion
THE PROTEIN WHICH STORES OXYGEN
IN THE MUSCLE TISSUE IS CALLED
17%
lo
b
Tr
ig
M
yo
gl
ob
i
n
in
0%
bi
n
TRIGLOBIN
42%
gl
o
4.
xy
MYOGLOBIN
O
3.
in
OXYGLOBIN
lo
b
2.
42%
em
og
HEMOGLOBIN
H
1.
BLOOD AND WATER RUN ________ IN
THE GILL SYSTEM MORE MAXIMUM
EFFICIENCY.
92%
8%
of
th
e
nt
er
c
ab
ov
ur
re
nt
e
0%
N
on
e
ou
NONE OF THE ABOVE
C
3.
nt
COUNTERCURRENT
cu
rr
e
2.
on
CONCURRENT
C
1.
8%
es
0%
Ar
ch
G
ill
G
ill
Bo
n
es
es
0%
Br
ac
GILL ARCHES
ill
4.
G
GILL BONES
er
s
3.
92%
Ra
k
GILL BRACES
ill
2.
G
1.
STRUCTURES WHICH SUPPORT THE
GILL RAKERS GILLS ARE CALLED
GILL FLAP
17%
er
8%
Ra
k
ill
G
Ep
ig
l
Fl
a
ot
tis
p
8%
ill
GILL RAKER
G
4.
m
EPIGLOTTIS
rc
ul
u
3.
pe
2.
O
1.
THE GILLS ARE COVERED AND
PROTECTED BY A FLAP OF SKIN CALLED
OPERCULUM
THE
67%
THE GILLS EXTRACT ____ GAS
FROM THE SEAWATER
67%
O
xy
ge
n
lt
0%
Sa
r
0%
at
e
OXYGEN
W
4.
33%
e
SALT
xi
d
3.
Di
o
WATER
n
2.
ar
bo
CARBON DIOXIDE
C
1.