Transcript Integration of environmental require

Management plans for Natura 2000 sites
- an area for combined
ecological/economic advice?
Ralf Döring
University of Greifswald
Overview
• Natura 2000 – New tool for nature conservation
– Economic perspective
– Network in Germany’s coastal waters and EEZ
• Fisheries economics and the ecosystem approach
– Background
– Experiences
• Management plans in Natura 2000 sites
• Conclusions/Outlook
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Natura 2000 – New tool for nature
conservation
• EU Bird- and Flora Fauna Habitat-Directive defines species
and habitats which are to preserve
• Obligation of member states to designate areas
• Six years after designation the status of species and habitats
must be reviewed
• If some degradation happend further restrictions on activities
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Natura 2000 – Economic perspective
• Weak Sustainability
– Overall capital stock, Measuring benefits and costs of individual
projects
(sand and gravel removal, fishing, wind parks) => ‚relative
scarcity‘, ‚efficient investments‘
• Strong Sustainability
– Preservation of a certain amount of ‚natural capital‘ to preserve
ecological services, long-term resource use
‚absolut scarcity‘, efficient resource use‘
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Natura 2000 – Economic perspective
• Switch from the ‚normal‘ case of Cost-Benefit-Analysis to
setting of limits to the use of resources/areas/ species etc.
• Natura 2000 sites: minimum level necessary to preserve
‚unsubstitutable‘ ecological services
• Role of Economics
– Limits set target reference points (standards)
– Economists shall calculate efficient ways to hold the limits
– Fisheries will phase restrictions on fishing practice in
Natura 2000 sites => opportunity costs?
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
SPA (Birds)
Natura 2000 sites – North Sea
FFH-Directive
Source: www.habitatmarenatura2000.de
SPA (Birds)
FFH-Directive
Natura 2000 sites – Baltic Sea
Source: www.habitatmarenatura2000.de
Fisheries economics and the ecosystem-basedapproach - Background
• Multi-species-models
• Optimisation models (long-term yields)
• Interactions between fish stocks and the
environment (pollution?)
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Fisheries economics and the ecosystem-basedapproach - Background
Human
Seals
Cod
Herring
Salmon
Sprat
Other fish species feeding plankton
Juvenile Cod
Mysidaceen
00-Group
Herring
00-Group
Sprat
Small zooplankton
Phytoplankton & Bacteria
Nutrients
Source: Döring et al. 2005
00-Group
Cod
Cod eggs
Big zooplankton
Fisheries economics and the ecosystem-basedapproach - Background
• Multi-species-models
• Optimisation models (long-term yields)
• Interactions between fish stocks and the
environment (pollution?)
• Sustainable fisheries
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Sustainable Fisheries
Stock perspective
Ecosystem perspective
• Precautionary approach (Bpa,
Blim, minimum stock size)
• Long-term management plans
• Recovery of overused stocks
• External Effects – Measurement
• Opportunity costs of fishing
methods
• Preserving ecosystem services
Combined ecological/economic research!
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Fisheries economics and the ecosystem-basedapproach - Experiences
Typical Quote - Economist
„Why we should care about the environment? We care
about the fishing sector, the fishermen, human activities
and nothing else.“
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Fisheries economics and the ecosystem-basedapproach - Experiences
Typical Quote - Ecologist
„Why should we care about fishermen? We care about the fish
stocks, the environment. Fisheries ruin the ecosystems.“
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Fisheries economics and the ecosystem-basedapproach - Experiences
• Problem: How to reach a sustainable Baltic Cod fishery
(overused stock, many external effects (esp. bird bycatch)?
• Two phase strategy developed in a paper:
– recover the cod stock as most necessary action for Baltic
Cod,
– afterwards switch to longlines as fishing method with few
negative ecological consequences (then economically
possible)
• Result: Sustainable Fishery (healthy stock, few negative
externalities)?
• Reviewer: I‘m deeply worried about using a single-species
approach when you want to describe an ecosystem-basedapproach – you need a multi-species-model!
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Fisheries economics and the ecosystem-basedapproach - Experiences
Remember!
Human
Seals
Cod
Herring
Salmon
Sprat
Other fish species feeding plankton
Juvenile Cod
Mysidaceen
00-Group
Herring
00-Group
Sprat
Small zooplankton
Phytoplankton & Bacteria
Nutrients
00-Group
Cod
Cod eggs
Big zooplankton
Management plans in Natura 2000
sites
• Natura 2000 sites in German waters need
management plans in a few years
• Debate started what and how to manage
• Lack of data on many ecological consequences of fishing
–
–
–
–
Bird bycatch
Marine Mammal bycatch
Exact fishing grounds of fishing with trawls
Etc.
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Fishing effort and bird densities
Clangula hyemalis density and gill nets
Source: Döring et al. 2005
Trawling in sensitive habitats
Sensitive habitats at Kriegers Flak
Sand and gravel
areas
Trawling tracks
Source: Döring et al. 2005
Fishing effort by German
vessels in the ICES rectangles
38G3
Trawling in sensitive habitats
Source: Döring et al. 2005
Management plans in Natura 2000
sites
• Suggestion: Few negative impacts of trawling
in 38 G3 and Kriegers Flak but
some change in fishing practice seems
necessary to reach the goals
=> Opportunity Costs!
Example: Cod fishery again – fishing methods and
costs
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Fishing methods and external effects
Table 1. External effects of different fishing methods in Baltic Sea fisheries (Döring et
al., 2005)
Fishing
Gear
Bycatch of
Undersized
Specimens of
Target Species
Non-target
Species
Birds and
Marine
Mammals
Negative
Consequences
for Overall
Ecosystem
Gill net
Low
Low, for
carefully
selected fishing
places
Partially high, use
of pinger (i.e.,
sound device)
hardly successful
Low, because
used in open
water
Trap net
Low, but greater
than with gill
nets
No real problem
because bycatch
survives
Traps must be
covered, little
information about
bycatch of marine
mammals
Low, because of
fixed position
Longlines
Low
Low, in most
cases
Problematic in
some fisheries
Low
Pelagic
trawl
Depends on
mesh sizes, low
survival rate of
escaped fishes
Problematic in
some areas, e.g.
cod bycatch in
the Baltic Sea
Low
Low
Bottom
trawl
High, because
escape windows
or mesh sizes
are inadequate
to avoid bycatch
High, because all
fishes in front of
the ground rope
are caught (up to
95%)
Low
High, destruction
of seabed,
plowing of ocean
floors, leveling
of structural
elements etc.
Fishing methods – Longlines vs. Trawls
Table 2. Fishing costs estimates for Baltic Sea cod fisheries based on the 2004 EU target fleet size
(Döring et al., 2005)*
Fishing Gear
Annual Landings (tonnes)
Fishing Costs (Euros per tonne)
1 Bottom trawl
25,000
1,700
2 Bottom trawl
50,000
1,200
3 Bottom trawl
150,000
850
4 Longlines
150,000
1,000
*Estimation of costs compared to allowed landings (row 1 and 2: recovery phase, row
3 + 4: after recovery, stock above Bpa
Management plans in Natura 2000
sites
• Problem: Some change in fishing practice seems
necessary to reach the goals
– > Opportunity Costs!
• Solutions:
– 1. Calculation of these opportunity costs (research planned
with commercial fishing vessels)
– 2. If Opportunity Costs are severe payments for fishermen
who avoid external effects (like agri-environmental
schemes) – Impossible at the moment
– 3. Certification possible? Selling of fish from these areas
under a certain label.
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Conclusions/Outlook
• Impact assessments are the first joint efforts in STECF –
problems on both sites
• Work ont joined environmental and economic goals
(stock levels, less negative impacts, etc.) with an idea
about the future of fishing fleets
• Natura 2000 managment plans will be a field of joint
advice
• It takes some time to learn at least the basics of
biology/ecology as economists and vice versa
• More complex models may not be the solution!
FAME Workshop
June 6-8
2007
Ralf Döring, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald
550 Years
1456-2006
Thank you very much!