Transcript Slide 1

Jimmy Chen, Caitlin Hauer, Brian Kim, Joe
Merkviladze
Major Organs
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Receives food and
begins the process of
digestion.
Breaks down foods
mechanically by
tearing into smaller
particles.
Mixes saliva with food.
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Produces saliva and
other enzymes that aid
in digestion.
◦ Parotid is the largest
gland producing 25% of
saliva.
◦ Submandibular produces
70% of saliva.
◦ Sublingual produces 5%
of saliva.
◦ Von Ebner’s is located in
the tongue and begins
lipid hydrolysis.
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Located behind the
oral cavity.
Allows food and air to
pass into the body.
◦ Epiglottis closes trachea
when food enters.
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Divided in three
sections:
◦ Oropharynx
◦ Nasopharynx
◦ Laryngopharynx
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Muscular tube in
which food is
transported into the
stomach from the
pharynx.
Peristalsismuscular
contraction of
smooth muscle to
move food.
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Located between the esophagus and small
intestine.
Primary function of the stomach is to break
down food.
When the food enters the stomach, millions
of gastric glands that line the stomach secret
400-800 ml of gastric juice.
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Important Cells
◦ parietal cells
◦ chief cells
◦ mucus-secreting
cells
◦ G cells
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The main function of the
liver is to produce
substances that break
down fats, convert glucose
to glycogen, produce urea,
make certain amino acids
filter harmful substances
from the blood storage of
vitamins and minerals and
maintain a proper level or
glucose in the blood. The
liver is also responsible
for producing cholesterol.
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Small organ, about six
inches long
Location
◦ Deep in the abdomen,
between the stomach and
spine
◦ Part of it is behind the
stomach and the other part
rest on the curve of the
small intestine
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Function
◦ Breaks down protein,
carbohydrates, and fats
using digestive juices of the
pancreas and intestine
◦ Secret hormones that affect
sugar level in blood
◦ Produces NaHCO3 to
neutralize stomach acid
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Important Cells
o Beta cells
o Alpha cells
o Delta cells
o Gamma cells
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Produces bile which
is secreted by the liver
into bile ducts, some of it
goes into the small
intestine and some of it is
stored in the gallbladder
for later use. The bile has
two major functions: It
breaks down the fats that
you eat so that your body
can utilize them and bile
is a very powerful
antioxidant which helps to
remove toxins from the
liver.
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The duct that carries bile from the gallbladder
and liver into the duodenum. The common
bile duct is formed by the junction of the
cystic duct that comes from the gallbladder
and the common hepatic duct that comes
from the liver.
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Located in the gastrointestinal
tract, between the stomach
and the large intestine.
Nutrients from food are
absorbed through the villi to
the blood
It is composed of three parts
◦ Duodenum
◦ Jejunum
◦ Ilenum
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Extracts water and
salts from solid
waste before
elimination through
the rectum.
Divided into four
sections:
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Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
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Connected to the
caecum pouch of
the colon.
Labeled as vestigial
but believed to
serve some immune
function.
◦ Lymphoid cells
◦ Maintenance of gut
flora
Abnormalities
/Diseases
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Occurs when
diverticula form in
the wall of the colon
and then get
inflamed or infected.
Causes
◦ Low fiber diet
◦ When bacteria get
trapped in the
diverticula
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Symptoms
Belly pain
Fever and chills
Bloating and gas
Diarrhea or constipation
Nausea and sometimes
vomiting
◦ Lost of appetite
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•Treatment
‒Antibiotics
‒Surgery
(sometimes)
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Intestinal Obstruction
is a blockage of the
digestive tract that
prevents the passage
of food.
Causes
◦ Present at birth
◦ Hernias
◦ Abnormal scar tissue
after an abdominal
operation
◦ Inflammatory Bowel
Disease
◦ Medications, especially
narcotics
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Symptoms
◦ Abdominal fullness,
gaseous
◦ Abdominal distention
◦ Abdominal pain and
cramping
◦ Vomiting
◦ Failure to pass gas or stool
(constipation)
◦ Diarrhea
◦ Breath odor
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Diagnosis
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Barium enema
Abdominal CT
scan
Upper GI and small
bowel series
Abdominal film
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Treatment
o A nasogastric (NG) tube is inserted through
the nose down into the stomach to remove
the content of the stomach and upper
intestine.
o The surgery for the disorder is called a
Ladd procedure. During the surgery, the
intestine is straightened out, Ladd’s bands
are separated. The small intestine is placed
on the right side of the abdomen and the
colon is moved to the left.
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A peptic ulcer is a type of sore or hole that
forms in the lining of the stomach or
intestine. The word "peptic" refers to the
digestive process. An ulcer in the lining of the
stomach is called a gastric ulcer. An ulcer in
the upper part of the small intestine, or
duodenum, is called a duodenal ulcer.
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Symptoms
◦ Gnawing or burning pain in the abdomen
between the breastbone and navel. This pain
usually occurs between meals and in the early
hours of the morning. Duration of the pain is
from a few minutes to a few hours and may be
relieved by eating or taking antacids.
Symptoms also includes nausea, vomiting, loss of
appetite, loss of weight, bleeding from ulcers. If
blood loss is slow, it may not be obvious. People
suffering from slow bleeding may feel tired and
weak. If the bleeding is heavy, blood will appear
in vomit or stool. Stools containing blood appear
tarry or black.
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Treatment
◦ There are two main groups of medicines available
to treat peptic ulcers. Both reduce acid
production in the stomach, allowing the ulcer to
heal. The first group are called H2-blockers.
Examples include ranitidine and cimetidine.
These are effective for most people with a peptic
ulcer. There are more powerful medicines called
proton pump inhibitors, which can completely
stop acid production. Examples include
omeprazole and lansoprazole.
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Prevention
◦ There are lifestyle
changes that you can
make to help your ulcers
heal and prevent them
coming back. not having
food and drink that
seems to cause more
severe symptoms these foods can include
spicy foods, coffee and
alcohol, stopping
smoking and not taking
painkillers that are likely
to cause ulcers in the
future.
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An autoimmune disease of the digestive
system which can attack any part of the
gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the
anus.
Believed to be genetically based.
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Symptoms
◦ Severe abdominal pain that cannot be relieved even after
bowels are passed.
◦ Bloating and a lot of flatulence
◦ Stool will usually contain blood.
◦ Also associated with Colitis, which is a series of
inflammation and sores that occur throughout the large
intestine and bowel, and sometimes in the ileum.
◦ Diarrhea
◦ Intensified risk of cancer in the areas of inflammation.
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There is no treatment currently.