Transcript APES pre AP Test Final Review

APES pre AP Test Final
Review part 2
2016
AP Test is broken down into the
following categories:
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I Earth Systems and Resources (10%–15%)
Thursday Morning Review
Earth Science Concepts (Geologic time scale; plate tectonics,
earthquakes, volcanism; seasons; solar intensity and latitude)
The Atmosphere (Composition; structure; weather and climate;
atmospheric circulation and the Coriolis effect; atmosphereocean interactions; ENSO)
Global Water Resources and Use (Freshwater/saltwater;
ocean circulation; agricultural, industrial, and domestic use;
surface and groundwater issues; global problems;
conservation)
Soil and Soil Dynamics (Rock cycle; formation; composition;
physical and chemical properties; main soil types; erosion and
other soil problems; soil conservation)
II The Living World (10%–15%)
Thursday Morning Review
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Ecosystem Structure (Biological populations and communities;
ecological niches; interactions among species; keystone
species; species diversity and edge effects; major terrestrial
and aquatic biomes)
Energy Flow (Photosynthesis and cellular respiration; food
webs and trophic levels; ecological pyramids)
Ecosystem Diversity (Biodiversity; natural selection; evolution;
ecosystem services)
Natural Ecosystem Change (Climate shifts; species
movement; ecological succession)
Natural Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulfur, water, conservation of matter)
Friday Morning Review
III Population (10%–15%)
• Population Biology Concepts (Population
ecology; carrying capacity; reproductive
strategies; survivorship)
• Human Population
Friday Morning Review
IV Land and Water Use (10%–15%)
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Agriculture
Forestry (Tree plantations; old growth forests; forest fires;
forest management; national forests)
Rangelands(Overgrazing; deforestation; desertification;
rangeland management; federal rangelands)
Other Land Use
Mining (Mineral formation; extraction; global reserves;
relevant laws and treaties)
Fishing (Fishing techniques; overfishing; aquaculture;
relevant laws and treaties)
Global Economics (Globalization; World Bank; Tragedy of
the Commons; relevant laws and treaties)
Monday Morning Review
V. Energy Resources and Consumption (10%–15%)
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Energy Concepts (Energy forms; power; units; conversions; Laws
of Thermodynamics)
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Energy Consumption
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Fossil Fuel Resources and Use (Formation of coal, oil, and
natural gas; extraction/purification methods; world reserves and
global demand; synfuels; environmental
advantages/disadvantages of sources)
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Nuclear Energy (Nuclear fission process; nuclear fuel; electricity
production; nuclear reactor types; environmental
advantages/disadvantages; safety issues; radiation and human
health; radioactive wastes; nuclear fusion)
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Hydroelectric Power (Dams; flood control; salmon; silting; other
impacts)
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Energy Conservation (Energy efficiency; CAFE standards; hybrid
electric vehicles; mass transit)
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Renewable Energy (Solar energy; solar electricity; hydrogen fuel
cells; biomass; wind energy; small-scale hydroelectric; ocean
waves and tidal energy; geothermal; environmental
advantages/disadvantages)
Tuesday Morning Review
VI Pollution (25%–30%)
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Pollution Types
Impacts on the Environment and Human
Health
Economic Impacts (Cost-benefit analysis;
externalities; marginal costs; sustainability)
Wednesday Morning Review
VII Global Change (10%–15%)
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Stratospheric Ozone (Formation of
stratospheric ozone; ultraviolet radiation;
causes of ozone depletion; effects of ozone
depletion; strategies for reducing ozone
depletion; relevant laws and treaties)
Global Warming (Greenhouse gases and
the greenhouse effect; impacts and
consequences of global warming; reducing
climate change; relevant laws and treaties)
Loss of Biodiversity
Look at the world map below and determine the locations of developing countries, 2 most
likely spot for an inverted age pyramid, location of the most old growth forests in the US,
and the 2 spots that have the least amount of coal.
F
A
B
E
D
C
Look at the world map below and determine the locations of developing countries B, C, D
& E , 2 most likely spot for an inverted age pyramid B, location of the most old growth
forests in the US F,and the 2 spots that have the least amount of coal C & D.
F
A
B
E
D
C
Which type of waste disposal is the
most common in the U.S.?
Which form of municipal solid
waste disposal is the most common
in the U.S.? Sanitary Landfill
What type of waste is most
common in a sanitary landfill?
What type of waste is most
common in a sanitary landfill?
paper
What is the water that infiltrates the
landfill called?
The water is called leachate. Pipes
at the bottom of the landfill that bring
the leachate to a treatment center.
Name a negative externality
associated with incineration.
Name a negative
externality
associated with
incineration.
Air pollution, concentration of
toxic metals in the ash, waste
heat, release of carbon
dioxide gas which can
increase the temperature of
the earth, ash must be
disposed of in a landfill.
Rank the following in terms of
amount of benefit to the
environment: Reduce, reuse,
recycle.
Rank the following in terms of
amount of benefit to the
environment: Reduce, reuse,
recycle. Reduce, reuse, recycle
What type of soil is used to line the
bottom and sides of a sanitary
landfill and cap the top of a sanitary
landfill?
What type of soil is used to line the
bottom and sides of a sanitary
landfill and cap the top of a sanitary
landfill? CLAY
Which letter represents the
carrying capacity of the
population?
C
D
B
A
Which letter represents the
carrying capacity of the
population? D
C
D
B
A
Are the deer on Walla Walla
Island r selected or K selected
species?
C
D
B
A
Are the deer on Walla Walla Island r selected or K
selected species? K selected
Look at the demographic transition graph
below. At what phase are the birth rates and
death rates the highest?
Look at the demographic transition graph
below. At what phase are the birth rates and
death rates the highest? Phase I
Look at the demographic transition graph
below. Which phases are associated with
zero population growth?
Look at the demographic transition graph
below. Which phases are associated with
zero population growth? Phase I and IV
Look at the demographic transition graph
below. Which phase marks the first
significant improvement in health care?
Look at the demographic transition graph
below. Which phase marks the first
significant improvement in health care?
Phase 2
Which of the population pyramids below
indicate a rapidly expanding population?
Which of the population pyramids below
indicate a rapidly expanding population?
Which of the population pyramids below
indicate a country with zero growth?
Which of the population pyramids below
indicate a country with zero growth?
How many people are in the world & what is
the population of the United States?
How many people are in the world & what is
the population of the United States? 7 billion
people in the world and 300 million in the US
The United States makes up what percent of
the world population?
The United States makes up what percent of
the world population?
300 million divided by
7 billion times 100 =
4%
The growth rate of the United
States is 0.7%. How many years
will it take for the United States
population to double?
The growth rate of the United
States is 0.7%. How many years
will it take for the United States
population to double?
70 divided by 0.7
is 100 years.
The placement of agricultural fields
often occurs on floodplains. What does
this do to overall biodiversity?
The placement of agricultural fields often
occurs on floodplains. What does this do to
overall biodiversity? Decrease biodiversity.
Name 3 types of
agricultural
irrigation and
which type is
most efficient?
Name 3 types of
agricultural
irrigation and
which type is
most efficient?
Hydroponics or
drip is the most
efficient
Using an
aqueduct to
divert fresh
water to
agricultural fields
does what to the
salinity of an
estuary?
Using an
aqueduct to divert
fresh water to
agricultural fields
does what to the
salinity of an
estuary?
Increases salinity
Considering industrial agriculture, name 3 ways that you can
reduce the exposure to pesticides for farm workers and
citizens living near by.
Considering industrial agriculture, name 3 ways that you can
reduce the exposure to pesticides for farm workers and
citizens living near by. IPM, GMO, switch to organic
farming, switch from monoculture to planting multispecies,
rotate crops, use biological controls, and control runoff.
An IPM is likely to include biological control for managing
insect pests. What is an IPM and explain/ give examples of
how biological controls work.
An IPM is likely to include biological control for managing
insect pests. What is an IPM and explain/ give examples of
how biological controls work. Integrated Pest Management
to reduce the likelihood of the pesticide treadmill. Biological
controls are insects like lady bugs or praying mantises that
are used to kill pests on crops instead of pesticides.
Contour plowing is an agricultural
technique designed to minimize_______
Contour plowing is an agricultural
technique designed to minimize soil
erosion.
Overfishing of salmon by
commercial fishing boats is an
example of
Overgrazing of public land by
privately owned livestock is an
example of the tragedy of the
commons
Name 3 things that can be done
to prevent the tragedy of the
commons in the salmon industry.
Name 3 things that can be done
to prevent the tragedy of the
commons in the salmon industry?
Improve salmon habitat with fish
ladders (less dams, more tree
lined banks); ITQs and
aquaculture farms.
Name several disadvantages of
salmon aquaculture.
Name several disadvantages of salmon
aquaculture. Crowded conditions require
antibiotics, produce losts of fish
manure/nutrients and can lead to
diseases/genetic modification of wild
populations
Which would produce the most
calories for human consumption,
a 100 hectare cattle farm or a
100 hectare corn farm?
Which would produce the most
calories for human consumption,
a 100 hectare cattle farm or a
100 hectare corn farm?
Which would
use the most
water, the
production of 1
kilogram of beef
or the
production of 1
kilogram of
wheat?
Which would use
the most water, the
production of 1
kilogram of beef or
the production of 1
kilogram of wheat?
Raising cattle.
Considering the earth’s finite supply of fresh water
and farm land, what type of diet is more
sustainable for an expanding world population?
Considering the earth’s finite supply of fresh water
and farm land, what type of diet is more
sustainable for an expanding world population?
Vegetarian
What type of coal mining has the most
negative effect on human miners, but
has the smallest surface footprint?
What type of coal mining has the most
negative effect on human miners, but
has the smallest surface footprint?
Subsurface mining
List the four types of coal in
order of energy density from
lowest to highest?
List the four types of coal in
order of energy density from
lowest to highest?
Which mining law requires
remediation of the mined area?
Which mining law requires
remediation of the mined area?
Surface Mining Control and
Reclamation Act of 1977
Name two types of timber harvesting
strategies and determine which creates
the most nutrient runoff into the nearby
streams.
Name two types of timber harvesting
strategies and determine which creates
the most nutrient runoff into the nearby
streams. Clear cut and selective. Clear
cutting allows for more erosion and
nutrients in the river.
Which type of timber harvesting would
allow for the most habitat for pioneer
species and which would be the most
effective at preventing forest fires?
Which type of timber harvesting would
allow for the most habitat for pioneer
species and which would be the most
effective at preventing forest fires?
Clear cutting
Define mitigation.
Define mitigation. A project,
such as planting trees, that
restores an area that was ruined
by construction.
What does an EIS require under
NEPA?
What does an EIS require under NEPA? That projects
requiring federal funds or permits outline the potential
impacts of their projects and describe ways that the impacts
can be minimized.
Developers do not have to follow the plan that makes the
least impacts.
The spread of invasive species or new
infectious diseases like ebola, zika or West
Nile virus is occurring more rapidly than in
the past because of________
The spread of invasive species or new
infectious diseases like ebola, zika or West
Nile virus is occurring more rapidly than in the
past because of more rapid modes of travel
like airplanes.