Transcript CHBT Module
CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE CHEMICAL SECTOR CHBT – 04 FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY & PHYSICS CHEMISTRY • INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY • SAFETY PRECAUTION IN CHEMICAL LAB • ELEMENT , ATOM & MOLECULE • ACID, BASE & SALT • CHEMICAL BONDING SAFETY PRECAUTION IN CHEMICAL LAB • Be familiar with first aid measures before using chemicals. • Wipe up all spills and bottle rings immediately. • Wear a protective apron. • Avoid inhaling toxic vapor and use fume hoods where indicated. • For protection from flying objects caused by others, wear eye protective device. Use of safety goggles is mandatory. • No smoking in the laboratory. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY • Chemistry is most important branch of science by which we can know about the structure & qualities of substance. • Branches of chemistry • • • • • • • Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Special Subjective Chemistry Industrial Chemistry Bio Chemistry Agricultural Chemistry • Now a days Chemistry is related to different fields like medicine, foods, pesticides, agriculture, alkalis , acids, salts, colors, polymers, soaps, detergents, metals, weather & computer processes etc.. Many fields are corelated with eachohter. • In chemistry there is also other branches like Radio Chemistry, Electro Chemistry, Light Chemistry etc.. ATOM ,MOLECULE & ELEMENT The smallest particle of substance is called atom. Division of atom is not possible. Combination of two or more types of atoms is called molecule. Molecule is smallest particle of compound. Element is made up of same kind of atoms. Compound is made up of combination of different kinds of atoms. ACID, BASE & SALT • When a compound dilutes in water giving H+ ions is called acid. • Acids are sour in taste. Acid turns blue litmus red. • When a compound dilute in water and give OH- ions is called base. • Bases are bitter in taste. Base turns red litmus blue. • When a reaction is made within acid & base , water & salt is produced. • There are three types of salt. (1) Simple Salt (2) Double Salt (3) Complex Salt CHEMICAL BONDING • When two or more than two atoms of same element or different elements are chemically bond and make a molecule. This process is called chemical bonding e.g. 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) Chemical bonding is strong attractive force between two or more atoms. PHYSICS • • • • • • Units and Dimension Force and Friction Motion, Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Density and Specific Gravity Stress and Strain Heat and Temperature UNITS AND DIMENSIONS Types of Units Absolute Units Derived Units -Length (cm, m, km) -Velocity (m/s) -Weight (gm, kg) -Acceleration (m/s2) -Time (sec) -Area (m2) System of Units British System Metric System System International (FPS) (CGS or MKS) Force – Newton Work - joule FORCE & FRICTION • FORCE: An effect which causes change in a stationary body or a moving body. Force = mass * acceleration Units = Newton , dyne • FRICTION: When two surfaces kept on each other are forced to move they experience resistance. This resistance is called friction. MOTION , SPEED , VELOCITY , ACCELERATION • MOTION = When an object changes its place relative to another object is called motion. • SPEED = Distance travel in unit time is called speed. • VELOCITY = Speed in one particular direction within given time limit is called velocity. Velocity = Speed/Time • ACCELERATION = Change in Velocity is called acceleration. Acceleration = Change in velocity/ Time DENISTY & SPECIFIC GRAVITY • DENSITY = Mass of unit Volume is called Density of the matter. Density = mass/ volume. • RELATIVE DENSITY = Density of matter relative to Density of specified matter is called relative density. • SPECIFIC GRAVITY = Density of matter relative to density of pure water(4 0C) is called Specific Gravity. STRESS & STRAIN • STRESS = When an external force is applied to body, internal resistive force is produced in unit cross-sectional area of the body which is called stress. S = p/a Where, S = stress, p = external force, a = cross-sectional area • STRAIN = When stress is produced in the body it causes change in its volume or shape which is called strain. e = 9l/l Where, e = strain , 9l = change in length , l = original length. HEAT & TEMPERATURE • HEAT = The hotness in substance is called heat. • TEMPERATURE = The digit or number indicating the heat surface in substance is called temperature. Units = 0C , 0F , 0K , 0R