Transcript Semester 1 Final Review

Semester 1 Final Review
Ms. Girard and Mrs. Arevalo
Principles of Env. Sci.
Legacy High School
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
The process whereby
unstable atomic nuclei
break down and emit
radiation
Nuclear Radiation
The transfer of energy by
means of electromagnetic
waves.
Half-Life of Radioactive
Elements
Half-Life
The time required for half
the atoms of a sample of a
radioactive isotope to
decay.
Half-Life Calculations
½ Life
Mulitplied
by
Amount
0
0
400
Atoms
1
½
200
2
½*½ = ¼
100
3
¼*½ = ⅛
50
4
⅛*½ = 1/16 25
Nuclear Radiation
Alpha Particles
• Are cluster of particles
containing two protons
and two neutrons
• Travel less than 4 inches
in the air
• Absorbed by paper
Beta Particles
• Very high energy
electrons emitted when a
neutron in the nucleus
decays
• Range of about three feet
• Blocked by a thin sheet of
lead
Nuclear Radiation
Gamma Rays
•High energy electromagnetic waves that
move at the speed of light
•Blocked by a block of lead
1. A performer pulls a tablecloth out from under a set of
dinnerware as shown in the picture. What best
explains the performer’s success at leaving all the
dinnerware on the table?
The inertia of the dinner
ware.
2. A car is parked on a hill. What most likely
prevents the car from moving down the hill?
There is friction
between the tires and
the ground.
3. Below is a distance vs. time graph showing the
action of a person over time. What statement is the
best description of the person’s action?
The person is walking at
a constant speed.
4. Below is a velocity vs. time graph showing the
movement of a train over time. Use this graph to
answer the following question. What statement is the
best description of the train’s motion?
The train is not moving
in any direction!
5. In what situation is the most work
done?
a) Lifting a 50 N box up 2 meters.
b) Lifting a 50 N box up 2 meters and then
down 2 meters.
c) Lifting a 75 N box up 1 meter.
d) Lifting a 75 N box up 1 meter and then down
1 meter.
6. A bicycle rider is traveling at a constant
speed of 3 m/s. How far will the bicyclist
travel in thirty minutes?
Distance = velocity X time
D = vt = 3m/s X 1800 s = 5400 meters (m)
7. If the Earth were twice as massive,
then the gravitational force between it and
the sun would be
Twice as great
8. The distance between two charges is
represented by “d”. What diagram
shows the greatest attractive force
between the two charged objects?
A.
B.
C.
D.
8. The distance between two charges is
represented by “d”. What diagram
shows the greatest attractive force
between the two charged objects?
A.
B.
C.
D.
9. What statement best explains why
an astronaut weighs less on the Moon
than they would on Earth?
The moon has less mass so gravitational
force is less on the moon.
10. An electrostatic paint sprayer is used to spray
paint evenly onto the surface of a car. Before the
paint is sprayed, the car body is given a positive
charge and the paint droplets are given a negative
charge. The paint droplets experience an attractive
force as soon as they are released from the sprayer.
The paint droplets are originally sprayed at a distance
of 30 cm from the car body, as shown below. What
changes will cause the largest increase in the
attractive force on the paint droplets?
The distance between
the paint droplets and
the car body is halved
11. In each diagram below, the mass of
two objects is labeled. These masses
are separated by a radius. Which
diagram would produce the greatest
gravitational force between the two
objects?
Diagram 1
12. Electromagnetic induction is the process
by which an electric current is produced by
moving a wire in a magnetic field. What
device works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction?
A generator.
13. A 1500 kg car has an applied forward
force of 5000 N and experiences an air
resistance of 1250 N. What is the car’s
acceleration?
Force = Mass X Acceleration
3750 N = 1500 kg X a
a = 3750 N / 1500 kg
a = 2.5 m/s2
2 Forces:
Net Force = F1 – F2
Net Force = 5000 N – 1250 N
Net Force = 3750 N
14. A cart with a mass of 100 kg accelerates
when 10 N is applied. If the mass is doubled,
how much force is required to maintain the
same acceleration.
Force = Mass X Acceleration
Acceleration = Force / Mass
A = 10N/100kg = 0.1 m/s2
F = (2 * 100kg)(0.1m/s2) = 200kg(0.1m/s2)
F = 20N
15. Electromagnetic waves of various
frequencies reach Earth from distant parts of
the universe. What inference can be made
from this observation?
The waves can travel without medium
(Medium: An intervening substance through which something else is
transmitted or carried on - http://www.thefreedictionary.com/medium)
16. To locate objects in their environments, bats in
flight and porpoises under water both use ultrasound
waves with frequencies that are beyond human
hearing. These animals produce an ultrasonic wave
and then detect echoes from nearby objects.
If a porpoise and a bat both produce ultrasonic
waves when they are 16 m from an object, which
animal would hear its echo first and why?
The porpoise would hear its echo first
because sound travels faster in water than
in air.
17. What is possible due to longitudinal
waves?
Hearing the sound of an airplane is possible
due to longitudinal waves.
18. The burning of gasoline is an example of
a chemical reaction in which the chemical
energy stored in the bonds between the
molecules of gasoline is converted into other
forms of energy during the burning process.
What is the best statement about the role of
energy in the burning of gasoline?
Chemical energy is converted into thermal
energy which is released.
19. A toy car with initial kinetic energy rolls to
a stop along a flat track. Because of friction,
some of kinetic energy was transferred to
Thermal Energy
20. What ways are photosynthesis and
cellular respiration alike? Both processes
They involve energy transformations.
21. Nuclear fission reactions are
commonly used in nuclear power plants.
22. What type of reactions will release the
most energy per kilogram of reactant?
Nuclear Fusion
23. The difference between ionizing and nonionizing radiation is that ionizing radiation is
located in what range of the electromagnetic
spectrum?
Ultraviolet and greater frequencies
24. Carbon-14 is used to date artifacts. The
half-life of Carbon-14 is about 6,000 years.
After 12,000 years, about how much Carbon14 would remain in a sample?
¼ or a quarter of the sample would remain.
½ -Life = 6,000
1 half-life would be ½ of the sample left
2 half-lives would be ¼ of the sample left
½X½=¼
25. Use the following table to answer the
question. The reason that alpha particles are
stopped by paper and have low penetrating
ability is due to
A relatively high mass
compared to other
radiation.
26. A thermometer is a device that measures
The average kinetic motion
27. A student bends a paperclip rapidly back
and forth. When he touches the point where
he was bending the paperclip, he finds that its
temperature has increased. This indicates
that the atoms in that part of the paperclip
have increased in
Kinetic Energy
28. Describe how a dam creates electricity?
Gravitational potential energy transfers to
kinetic energy which turns a generator.
29. What role do electrical generators or
batteries have in circuits?
They are the source of potential energy in a
circuit.
30. What function does a circuit serve in your
home?
It provides a complete path through which
electrical energy can flow.
31. At standard pressure and room
temperature, water is a liquid and carbon
dioxide is a gas. Water and carbon
dioxide exist in different states because
The forces are greater between water
molecules.
32. Describe the differences between solids
and liquids?
Solids have a definite
volume and shape, but
liquids only have a
definite volume
33. What happens to the particles of a gas as
it changes phase into a liquid?
They slow down and become closer
because energy is being removed
34. What group of elements would be
expected to have similar properties?
Oxygen, sulfur & magnesium
35. The figure to the right shows part of the
periodic table. What is an accurate
comparison of the atomic number and mass
of copper (Cu) and gold (Au)?
Carbon
6
C
12.011
Silver
47
Ag
107.87
Gold
79
Au
196.97
Gold (Au) has both a greater
atomic number and a greater
atomic mass than copper
(Cu)
36. Which of the following elements can form
an anion that contains 54 electrons, 74
neutrons, and 53 protons?
37. Describe the physical separation of the
components of a mixture?
When salt is isolated from seawater through
evaporation
38. Physical properties of a mixture
Vary depending upon its components
39. Concrete is composed of Portland
cement, rocks, sand, and water. What best
describes concrete?
Heterogeneous mixture
40. Observe the diagrams on the right
showing ionic and covalent bonding. What
statement correctly describes the models ?
Model II shows ionic
bonding because 1
electron is transferred to
another atom.
41. Analyze the model of an atom.
I. The electrons in the
outer most shell perform
bonding
42. What is an example of alkali metals
forming ionic bonds with nonmetals?
Potassium (K) can form ionic bonds with
Chlorine (Cl)
43. What factor will most likely increase the
rate of a chemical reaction.
Grinding a solid reactant into powder
44. Sugar in our cells reacts very quickly with
oxygen. The same sugar will react very
slowly with the oxygen in air. The reason for
this difference is because
Cells contain catalysts to speed the reaction
45. What statement best describes the role of
energy in all chemical reactions?
All chemical reactions
Either release or absorb energy
46. According to the Law of Conservation of
Mass, the number of iron (Fe) atoms needed
to complete the following reaction is
_4_Fe + 3O2→2Fe2O3
47. The chemical equation below represents
the chemical reaction between the elements
hydrogen and oxygen when the compound
water is formed.
2H2+ O2→ 2H2O
This equation supports the law of
conservation of mass because
The mass of hydrogen and oxygen in the
reactants is equal to the mass of the water
in the product
48. Deuterium (H ) and protium(H ) are two
isotopes of hydrogen. What statement best
compares a deuterium atom to a protium
atom?
The deuterium atom has
More particles in the nucleus
49. The mass number of an element is the
total number of protons and neutrons located
in the nucleus. If carbon has an atomic
number of 6 and a mass number of 12, how
many neutrons does it contain?
6 Neutrons
Atomic Mass = Neutrons + Protons
Neutrons = Atomic Mass - Protons
50. What best describes a particle that
contains 36 electrons, 49 neutrons, and 38
protons?
A cation with a charge of 2+
51. An oxygen atom has 8 protons, 8
neutrons and 8 electrons. If the oxygen atom
gains two electrons to form an oxygen ion
what will be the magnitude and sign of the
charge?
2Electrons = negative
Protons = positive
Neutrons = No Charge
52. What is the primary energy source behind
the water cycle?
Sun’s electromagnetic radiation
53. Use the diagram to answer the following
question. What is not a contributing factor to
the uneven warming of Earth’s surface?
The sun is farther from
the earth during winter
54. Ozone helps prevent ultraviolet (UV)
radiation from reaching Earth’s surface by
Absorbing UV radiation into its molecular
structure
55. Cyanobacteria first appeared in Earth’s
oceans over 2 billion years ago and were
extremely abundant by 545 million years ago.
Cyanobacteria affected Earth’s atmosphere
by
Gradually adding to the amount of oxygen in
the atmosphere
56. A graph of atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration over time is shown below.
Scientists are investigating the cause of the
significant change in the trend of atmospheric
carbon dioxide concentration since the
1800s.What provides the best explanation for
the increase?
The use of fossil fuels
by humans
57. The two most abundant greenhouse
gases in Earth’s atmosphere are
Water Vapor (H2O) & Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
58. Greenhouse gases help keep Earth at a
habitable temperature by
Retaining some of the sun’s energy in our
lower atmosphere
59. Over the next century, the temperature in
the Great Basin Desert is expected to
increase anywhere from 2 to 5 degrees
Celsius due to global climate change. What
best explains how the movement of heat will
likely be affected in the Great Basin Desert
due to global climate change?
Radiation will transfer the same amount of
heat from the sun to the Earth’s surface and
more heat will be moved around in the
atmosphere via convection
60. The diagram represents an experiment on
different types of soil. The thermometers are
measuring the temperature of the center of
the soil samples. What is a cause of the
measured difference in the temperature of the
two soils?
Conduction within
different soil types
61. Use the diagram to answer the following
question. Analyzing the input and output of
solar radiation reveals that
More solar radiation is
absorbed by Earth’s
surface than is reflected
62. Surface currents are created
By frictional drag of the wind against the
surface of the ocean waters
63. A hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere
had a northward direction of motion. Due to
the Coriolis Effect, the hurricane ended up
East of the direction it was travelling
Any Questions