Transcript root words - Workforce Solutions

ROOT WORDS
Digestive and Urinary
Systems
Heather Wipijewski CVT ALAT
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Also known as “alimentary”,
“gastrointestinal” and “GI” system.
 Structures

 Oral cavity
 Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small and large intestines
 Liver, gallbladder and pancreas are organs
associated with digestive system.
Picture from http://www.seefido.com/html/dog_s_digestive_system.htm
1. Esophagus
11. Ileum
2. Cardiac spinchter
12. Sm. Intest.
3. Stomach
13. Colon
4. Spleen
14. Rectum
5. Pylorus
15. Anus
6. Liver
7. Gallbladder
8. Pancreas
9. Duodenum
10. Large Intestine
Mouth – or/o & stomat/o
 Lips – labi/o & cheil/o
 Cheek – bucc/o
 Tongue – Lingu/o
 Teeth – dent/o, dent/I and odont/o

–
–
–
–
–
Deciduous – Baby teeth
Incisor – Front teeth used for cutting
Canine – Long pointed “fang” teeth – puncturing
Premolar – Cheek teeth – grinding
Molars- Teeth in the very back – grinding
 Canine dental formula :
 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)

Gums- gingiv/o
Pharynx (throat) - pharyng/o
 Esophagus – esophag/o
 Stomach – gastr/o

 Monogastric – one stomach (dog, cat, horse)
 Ruminant – 4 stomachs (cattle, goats, sheep)
http://www.admani.com/alliancebeef/images/Rumen%2
0Diagram.jpg
•Rumen – Largest compartment of the ruminant stomach – serves as a
fermentation vat.
•Reticulum – Most cranial compartment of ruminant stomach
•Omasum – 3rd compartment of the ruminant stomach. Grinds food before it
enters the abomasum – also squeezes fluid out of the food bolus.
•Abomasum – 4th compartment – “true stomach” – secretes digestive enzymes.

Small Intestine – enter/o
 Duodenum – 1st portion of the small intestine.
 Jejunum – Middle portion of small intestine.
 Ileum – Last portion of small intestine.

Large Intestines – col/o
– Consists of cecum, colon, rectum and anus.
– Cecum – cec/o - fermentation of food – also
known as “hind gut fermenters” (non-ruminant
herbivores such as rabbit and horse)
http://www.admani.com/AllianceEquin
e/images/DigestiveTract.jpg
Accessory Organs
Digestive System

Liver – hepat/o
 Removes excess glucose
from bloodstream and
stores it as glycogen.
When the blood sugar is
low, the liver converts
glycogen back into glucose.
 Destroys old erythrocytes
(red blood cells), removes
toxins from blood, produces
some blood proteins and
stores iron, vitamins A, B12,
and D.
 Produces bile – digestive
function. Aides in fat
digestion.

Gallbladder – cholecyst/o
 Sac embedded in the liver
 Stores bile for later use.
 Rat and horse do not have a
gallbladder.

Pancreas – pancreat/o
 Located near dranial portion of
duiodenum
 Exocrine and endocrine functions
 Exocrine – Production of digestive
enzymes (tripsin, lipase and
amylase)
 Endocrine – Production of insulin
and other hormones.
URINARY SYSTEM
Kidney – ren/o or nephr/o
 One kidney sits on each side of
the vertebral column below the
diaphram.
 Ren/o is used as an adjective –
such as renal pelvis or renal
disease. Nephr/o is used to
describe pathological conditions
and surgical procedures –
nephritis and nephrectomy.
 Blood flows into each kidney via
the renal vein. Filtration of
waste products by the kidney
depends on the blood flow,
therefore, blood pressure can
affect the rate at which filtration
takes place.
 Nephron – functional unit of the
kidney

Ureters – ureter/o
 Pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the
urinary bladder.

Urinary Bladder – cyst/o
 Hollow muscular organ that holds urine.
 Very elastic

Urethra – urethr/o
 Tube extending from urinary bladder to outside of the
body.
 Females – function of urethra is to transport urine to
outside of body.
 Males – functin of the urethra is to transport urine to
outside of body and reproductive fluids from the
reproductive organs out of the body.

Urine
 End product of renal filtration
 Collection methods
 Free Catch – Catch during mid-stream. Urine
passes outside of body – therefore is not
considered a “clean” sample. May also collect
from tabletops, floors, etc.
 Cathether – Mostly done in males – hard to do in
females since opening of vagina is there also.
Collecting from bladder, however can cause
irritation in urethra from catheter hitting up
against the sides, which can cause blood and an
increase in cell numbers (Cathetherization vs.
tumor?)
 Cystocentesis – Withdrawl of urine directly from
the bladder using needle and syringe. Cleanest
method for collecting urine. Minimal irritation
(blood)