Transcript File
NORTH AFRICA & SOUTHWEST ASIA II (Chapter 7, pages 240-257) The Impact of Oil • • • • • • • High incomes Modernization Industrialization Intra-realm migration Inter-realm migration Regional disparities Foreign investment Oil and Natural Gas Reserves Regions of the Realm Egypt and the Lower Nile Basin •Continuous civilization > 5,000 years •95% of Egypt's 76.4 million people live within 20 km (12 miles) of the Nile •Irrigation – Basin – Perennial (mid-1800s) – Aswan High Dam (1968) •Increased agricultural output by 50% •Provides 40% of Egypt’s electricity •Environmental issues Sudan • Confluence of White and Blue Nile • North-south split – North: Arabized, Muslim – South: African, Christianized • Oil in the desert • Darfur The Maghreb and Its Neighbors The Maghreb and Its Neighbors • The Maghreb dominated by the Atlas Mountains – Fertile coastline (The Tell) – Rain shadow effect – Morocco — last of the North African kingdoms – Algeria — a secular republic with religiouspolitical problems – Tunisia — smallest and most Westernized of the Maghreb countries • Libya — oil-rich desert state with a coastal orientation Maghreb Saharan Neighbors • Mauritania: Large, sparsely populated, most Islamized • Mali: Dependent on water of upper Niger River • Niger: Among world’s least urbanized countries • Chad: Strongest split between Muslim north and animist/Christian south Middle East Iraq • U.S. invasion and overthrow of Sunni Muslim regime of Saddam Hussein (2003) • Regions of Iraq – Sunni • Northwest • Sunni Triangle (center) – Shi’ite (oilfields) – Kurdish (oilfields) Middle East • Syria: – Minority rule by Alawites – Sufficient rainfall for non-irrigated farming • Jordan: – Palestinian refugees – Loss of West Bank (1967) • Lebanon: – Religious and ethnic strife – Conflicts with neighbors Israel Israel • UN partition plan for Palestine – Division into Jewish and Arab areas – Proclamation of Israeli independence (May 14, 1948) • 1948: Arab invasion (war of independence) – Egyptian, Iraqi, Jordanian, and Syrian forces – Israel seizes more land than prescribed under UN mandate Israel • Arab – Israeli conflicts – 1956: Suez War – 1967: Six-day War – Israel gains control of: • Gaza Strip from Egypt • Sinai Peninsula from Egypt • West Bank of the Jordan River from Jordan • East sector of Jerusalem from Jordan • Golan Heights from Syria – 1973: Yom Kippur War Arab-Israeli Conflict • Palestinians as stateless nation • West Bank and Jewish settlements • Golan Heights • The Security Barrier • The Gaza Strip (turned over to Palestinian Authority) The Struggle for Jerusalem • Sacred to Judaism, Christianity, Islam • Judaism: Ancient capital • Christianity: Jesus’ crucifixion, resurrection • Islam: Ascension of Prophet Muhammad to heaven