Transcript Slide 1
Control PC
Interface
TE Port
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
Control PC
Interface
TE Port
RRC
36.331
PDCP
36.323
CpdcpXXXXX()
36.322
CrlcXXXXX()
RLC
36.321
CmacXXXXX()
MAC
CphyXXXXX()
36.104,36.211,36.212
36.213,36.214,36.302
PHY
CteXXXXX()
Protocol CT
RF CT
36.523
36.521-1, 36.521-3
23.401,24.301,29.274,
32.426,33.102,33.401,
33.402
NAS
36.331
RRC
36.323
PDCP
36.322
RLC
36.321
MAC
36.104,36.211,36.212
36.213,36.214,36.302
PHY
SGSN
PCRF
HSS
MME
IP
eNodeB
UE
SGW
(Serving Gateway)
PGW
(PDN Gateway)
MSC
Voice Call Traffic Path
Registration to CS Network Path
BSC
BTS
(GSM)
Paging Path
SGSN
SGs
RNC
UE
NodeB
(UMTS)
MME
IP
eNodeB
(LTE)
SGW
(Serving Gateway)
PGW
(PDN Gateway)
SGSN
PCRF
HSS
MME
IP
eNodeB
SGW
(Serving Gateway)
PGW
(PDN Gateway)
UE
EPS Bearer
External Bearer
UE
Internet
EPC
E-UTRAN
eNodeB
S-GW
Peer
Entity
P-GW
End-to-End Service
EPS Bearer
E-RAB
External Bearer
S5/S8 Bearer
Radio Bearer
S1 Bearer
Radio
S1
S5/S8
Gi
ON Duration
DRX Cycle
DRX Cycle
PDCCH Reception Here
DRX Inactivity Time
ON Duration
DRX Cycle
DRX Cycle
PDCCH Reception Here
DRX Inactivity Time
ON Duration
DRX Cycle
DRX Command MAC CE Reception Here
(Both DRX Inactivity timer and OnDuration Timer stops here)
ON Duration
Short DRX Cycle
Short DRX Cycle
Short DRX Cycle Timer
Long DRX Cycle
http://lteworld.org/blog/measurements-lte-e-utran
High frequency
Current Cell
UE
Current Cell
UE
Center frequency
Low frequency
High frequency
Center frequency
Low frequency
Target Cell
High frequency
Current Cell
UE
Target Cell
Center frequency
Low frequency
Target Cell
High frequency
Current Cell
Center frequency
Low frequency
UE
High frequency
Current Cell
UE
Target Cell
Center frequency
Low frequency
High frequency
Current Cell
UE
Target Cell
Center frequency
Low frequency
High frequency
Current Cell
UE
Target Cell
Center frequency
Low frequency
High frequency
Current Cell
UE
Center frequency
Target Cell
Low frequency
IMS
SIP
H.323
H.263
RTP
etc
SMS
Voice (VoIP)
Video
SIP
Application Servers
SGSN
IMS
(CSCF)
HSS
PCRF
MME
eNodeB
UE
Other
IP Network
SGW
(Serving Gateway)
PGW
(PDN Gateway)
SIP Register
Server
Clients
B
A
INVITE
REGISTER
(Contact Address)
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
100 Trying
180 Ringing
200 OK
REGISTER
(Credentials)
Media Transfer
OK
BYE
200 OK
PC1 – UE PC
PC2
Server PC
Ethernet Cable
TE Port
RF Port
LTE Network Simulator
UE PC
Wireshark
Wireshark
Dummy
Hub
IP Network
Data Server
Router
TE Port
RF Port
LTE Network Simulator
Wireshark
IP Monitoring PC
for troubleshot
UE PC
Wireshark
Bit Stream
Bit Stream
36.211 6.3.1
I/Q
36.211 6.3.2
I/Q
36.211 6.3.3
I/Q
36.211 6.3.4
36.211 6.5
Cell Specific Reference Signal
PDCCH
PA
PB
PDSCH : in the same symbol as reference signal
PDSCH : in the symbol with no reference signal
In some subframe, there can be no SRS
depending on SRS Scheduling
parameter settings
1 subframe
Attach Request
EPS attach type value
Old GUTI or IMSI
PDN Connectivity Request
PDN type
Access point name
UE network capability
NAS : Security Mode Command
Replayed UE security capabilities
Attah Accept
Activate Default EPS Bearer Setup Request
GUTI
PDN type
EPS attach result value
Access point name
SIB1
TAC (Tracking Area Code)
Tracking Area Update Request
Old GUTI
EPS Bearer Context Status
Old Location Area Identification
Tracking Area Update Accept
GUTI
TAI List
EPS Bearer Context Status
Location Area Identification
RRC
DedicatedInfoNAS
NAS Message(EMM)
NAS(ESM)
Message Type (8 bits)
Message Type (8 bits)
Protocol Discriminator + Message Authentication Code + Sequence Number (44 bits)
Security Header Type (4 bits)
Length of DedicatedInfoNAS
C1 (RRC Message Type Identifier : 4 bits)
1 frame
1 subframe
1 slot
PUCCH Region
Subband 3
Subband 2
Subband 1
Subband 0
PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 3
Subband 2
Subband 1
Subband 0
PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 3
Subband 2
Subband 1
Subband 0
PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 3
Subband 2
Subband 1
Subband 0
PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 3
Subband 2
Subband 1
Subband 0
PUCCH Region
PUCCH Region
Subband 3
Subband 2
Subband 1
Subband 0
PUCCH Region
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
1 subframe
LTE
CDMA
WCDMA
Voice Comm
Voice Comm
CSFB
Packet Comm
CSFB
HO
Packet Comm
HO
RD
HO
Packet Comm
RD
RD
Idle
Packet Comm
RD
CR
CR
Idle
CS
CR
Idle
CS
CS
CS
Power On
CS : Cell Selection
CR : Cell Reselection
RD : Cell Redirection
HO : Handover
CSFB : CS Fallback
Idle
NW
UE
RRC Connection Request
T300
RRC Connection Setup
NW
UE
RRC Connection Request
T300
RRC Connection Reject
UE Higher Layer
UE Lower Layer
Out of Sync Indication
Out of Sync Indication
N310 Times
Out of Sync Indication
In Sync Indication
T310
In Sync Indication
N311 Times
In Sync Indication
UE Higher Layer
UE Lower Layer
Out of Sync Indication
Out of Sync Indication
N310 Times
Out of Sync Indication
T310
Triggering Handover Procedure
UE Higher Layer
UE Lower Layer
Out of Sync Indication
Out of Sync Indication
N310 Times
Out of Sync Indication
T310
Initiating Connection Reestablishment
op
0
+
0
op
+
0
0
-1
ip
0
Z
0
0
0
Z
0
-1
ip
0
+
-1
Z
0
Z
0
-1
+
0
1
+
op
op
op
op
1
+
0
0
-1
ip
1
Z
0
1
1
+
Z
0
-1
ip
0
-1
Z
1
Z
0
-1
+
1
op
op
op
1
+
0
op
+
1
0
-1
ip
0
Z
0
0
0
Z
1
-1
ip
1
+
-1
Z
0
Z
0
-1
+
1
op
op
op
1
+
op
0
+
1
0
-1
ip
1
Z
0
1
1
+
Z
1
-1
ip
1
-1
Z
1
Z
0
-1
+
0
op
op
op
0
+
op
1
+
0
1
-1
ip
0
Z
1
0
0
+
Z
0
-1
ip
0
-1
Z
0
Z
1
-1
+
0
1
+
op
op
op
op
0
+
0
1
-1
ip
1
Z
1
1
1
+
Z
0
-1
ip
0
-1
Z
1
Z
1
-1
+
1
op
op
op
0
+
op
0
+
1
1
-1
ip
0
Z
1
0
0
+
Z
1
-1
ip
1
-1
Z
0
Z
1
-1
+
1
1
+
op
op
op
op
1
+
1
1
-1
ip
1
Z
1
1
1
+
Z
1
-1
ip
1
-1
Z
1
Z
1
-1
+
0
op
op
GPS Signal Frame Structure
Telemetry and handover words
(TLM and HOW)
Satellite clock,
GPS time relationship
Telemetry and handover words
(TLM and HOW)
Ephemeris
(precise satellite orbit)
Telemetry and handover words
(TLM and HOW)
Almanac component
(satellite network synopsys, error correction)
Word
Subframe
1-2
3-10
1
1-2
3-10
2
1-2
3
Frame
300 bits
1500 bits
3-10
4
5
n
x y
i 0
i
i
x(n)
y(n)
x(n) y(n)
x(n)y(n)
Sum of Times (Sum of Multiplication)
Correlation
r
n xy ( x)( y)
n( x ) ( x )
2
Inner Product
Discrete Fourier Transform
Convolution
2
n( y ) ( y )
2
2
N 1
X k xn e
i 2
k
n
N
n 0
yi
xi
Sum of Times (Sum of Multiplication)
n
x y
i 0
i
i
|X|
N 1
X 1 xn e
n 0
i 2
1
n
N
N 1
X 2 xn e
n 0
i 2
2
n
N
N 1
X 3 xn e
n 0
i 2
3
n
N
N 1
X N xn e
n 0
i 2
N
n
N
FIR
IIR
This means the result of convolution is an array (vector) with the size = n
This means that each element (each value) of the convolution comes from “Sum of Multiplication”
1.
2.
3.
4.
g[-m]
This is same as g[-m + n]
g[-m + n] is same as g[-(m-n)]
g[-(m-n)] is same as g[-m] shifted by n
g[-m] is the reflection of g[m] around y axis
g[-(m-n)]
=g[n-m]
n
g[m]
Control System
Model
Control System
Model
Simultaneous
Equations
Simultaneous
Equations
Matrix
Statistics
Operation /
Manipulation
Result
Of
Operation
Graph Theory
Statistics
Graph Theory
Computer Graphics
Presentation
Computer Graphics
Linear Algegra
Interpretation
(x2,y2)
(x1,y1)
1.0
0.0
x1
x2
0.0
1.0
y1
y2
(x2,y2)
(x1,y1)
-1.0
0.0
x1
x2
0.0
1.0
y1
y2
1.0
0.0
x1
x2
0.0
-1.0
y1
y2
(x1,y1)
(x2,y2)
(x1,y1)
-1.0
0.0
x1
x2
0.0
-1.0
y1
y2
(x2,y2)
(x2,y2)
(x1,y1)
1.0
0.3
x1
x2
0.0
1.0
y1
y2
(x1,y1)
(x2,y2)
cos(pi/4) -sin(pi/4)
x1
x2
sin(pi/4)
y1
y2
cos(pi/4)
pi/4
0.2
1
0.8
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.35
2
3
0.15
0.6
To
From
1
2
3
1
0.2
0.8
0.0
2
0.4
0.15
0.6
3
0.5
0.35
0.0
0.0
(a)
(a_f)
(b)
(b_f)
(c)
Location, Size of the
peak does not
change, but graph
gets smoother
(c_f)
(d)
(d_f)
Length of signal is
same but lengh of
Zero Pad gets
longer
Signal
Zero Pad
Total number of
data points is same
but number of
periods gets larger
(a)
(a_f)
(b)
(c)
(b_f) Location of the peak
does not change,
but height of the
peak gets higher and
width of the peak
(c_f) gets narrower
(d)
(d_f)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a_f)
(b_f)
(c_f)
(d_f)
A
B
C
s(t)
Abs(fft(s(t))
Arg(fft(s(t))
Abs(fft(s(t))
: Expanded
Arg(fft(s(t))
: Expanded
a
b
c
d e
f
g h
i
a = 1.0;
b = 1.0;
p1 = 0.0;
p2 = 0.0;
A
B
C
(a)
(b)
p
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
(v)
(d)
(iv)
Figure 1
a = 1.0;
b = 1.0;
p1 = 0.0;
p2 = 0.2*pi;
A
B
C
(a)
(b)
p
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
(v)
(d)
(iv)
Figure 2
a = 1.0;
b = 0.8;
p1 = 0.0;
p2 = 0.0;
A
B
C
(a)
(b)
p
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
(v)
(d)
(iv)
Figure 3
m1 m2
a = 1.0;
b = 0.8;
p1 = 0.0;
p2 = 0.2*pi;
A
B
C
(a)
(b)
p
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
(v)
(d)
(iv)
Figure 4
m1
m2
(a)
(b)
(c)
Discontinuity of Phase
Due to phase calculation software algorithm
(d)
A
a = 1.0;
b = 1.0;
p1 = 0.0;
p2 = 0.0;
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
B
a = 1.0;
b = 1.0;
p1 = 0.0;
p2 = 0.2*pi;
C
a = 1.0;
b = 0.7;
p1 = 0.0;
p2 = 0.0;
D
a = 1.0;
b = 0.7;
p1 = 0.0;
p2 = 0.2*pi;
Time Domain
Fourier Series Expansion
A combination
of infinite
number
(sin() + cos())
Time Domain
Time domain
Data
Sequence
Freq Domain
Fourier Transform
Frequency
Domain
Data
This is a differential equation
because it has ‘derivative’
components in it
derivative
form
differential
form
y' ' y'2 y 3
This is a differential equation
because it has ‘differential’
components in it
d 2 y dy
2y 3
2
dx
dx
y 2 y 1 2 y 3
y' ' y'2 y
This is NOT a differential equation
because it does not have
‘differential’ nor ‘derivative’
components in it
This is NOT a differential equation
because it is not a form of equation
(no ‘equal’ sign) even though it has
‘derivative’ component in it
Algebraic Equation
y2 2 y 2 0
Solution
Algebraic Equation
Solver
In this case,
Variable y is a number
In this case,
variable y is a function (e.g, y(x), y(t) etc))
y 1 i
In this case,
Solution y is a value
Differential Equation
y' '2 y'2 y 0
y 1 i
Solution
Differential Equation
Solver
y D1e( 1i ) x D2e( 1i ) x
In this case,
Solution y is a function (e.g, y(x), y(t) etc))
As you see here, the dependent variable in
differential equation is a ‘Function’, not a
value. This is a key characteristics that
defines ‘Differential Equation’
The highest order among all terms becomes
the order of the differential equation. In this
case, the highest Order is 3. So we call this
equation as a ‘3rd order differential equation’
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
Order (=3)
Order (=2)
y (x)
implies
3
2
d y
d y dy
3 2 2y 3
3
dx
dx
dx
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
y (x)
Independent Variable
implies
d3y
d 2 y dy
3 2 2y 3
3
dx
dx
dx
There are only one type of independent variable.
This kind of differential equation is called
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Independent Variable
u ( x, y )
implies
u u
u
2 2
0
2
x
y
xy
2
2
2
Independent Variable
There are more than one types of independent
variables. (In this example, we have two
different type of independent variable). This kind
of differential equation is called Partial
Differential Equation (PDE)
Calculus
Differential
Equation
(Continous)
Modeling
Algebra
Laplace
Transform
F(s)
(Laplace Form)
Solving
Solving
Solution
Real World
Problem
Inverse
Transform
Solution
Modeling
Solving
Solving
Difference
Equation
(Discrete)
Solution
F(z)
(z Form)
z
Transform
y(t )
Laplace
Transform
Y ( s) e y(t )dt
st
0
Symbols
for
original function
Symbols
for
Laplace Transformed Function
Definition
of
Laplace Transformed Function
y ' (t )
sY ( s) y(0)
y ' ' (t )
s 2Y (s) sy(0) y' (0)
(t )
1
d
(t )
dt
s
u(t )
1
s
: Unit Step
u (t )
1 s
e
s
t
1
s2
e
t
te
t
1
(s )
1
(s )2
1
1
s
Differential
Equation
e.g, f(y’’,y’,t)
Any Solution Process
Differential
Equation
e.g, f(y’’,y’,t)
Laplace Transform
y(t) = ??????
Y(s) = ??????
Inverse
Laplace Transform
y(t) = ??????
Derive a differential equation that tells you the velocity of a falling body at any given time.
(Assume the condition where you should not ignore the air resistance)
Governing Law : Total Force applied to a body = Motion of the body
F ma
Q. Can I convert this into a term
related to velocity ?
A.
Q . What kind of Force is there ?
i)
Force to helps movement
= Pulling force by gravity
=
a
mg
ii) Force to hinder movement
= air resistance
=
Yes. Acceleration (a) is the
derivative of velocity (v)
dv
ma m
dt
kv
mg kv
F ma
dv
dt
Why negative sign here ?
: It is because this fource act in opposite direction to the other Force (Gravity).
: We assumed that Pulling Force by Gravity is ‘Positive Force’
mg kv m
dv
dt
m
dv
mg kv
dt
A
B
C
Force trying to get
to the spring’s resting position
= -k s
p4
p1
-x
s
x=0
p2
+x
p3
Force being pulled down
by gravity
=mg
If you hand a mass to the spring, it would try to fall down
and length of the spring would increase, but soon the mass
would not fall down anymore because of the restoration
force of the spring. This is the point where the springs
restoration force and pulling force by gravity become same.
We call this point as “Equilibrium Point”. At this point, the
mass does not move in any direction. So it is the same
situation where there is no force being applied to the body
(in reality, the two force with the same amount is
continuously being applied in opposite direction)
It is very important to know where is the reference
point, the point where we define x = 0. It is totally up to
you how to define the reference point. You can set any
point as a reference point but the final mathematical
equation may differ depending on where you take as a
reference point. So usually, we set the point where we
can get a simplest mathematical model. In vertical
spring model, we set the Equilibrium Point as the
reference point because we can remove the term –k s
and mg since they cancel each other at this point
C
Governing Law : Total Force applied to a body = Motion of the body
F ma
Q . What kind of Force is there ?
i)
-x
x=0
+x
Force to makes movement
= Restoration force of the spring
trying to get back to the equilibrium position
=
ii)
We can set this part to
be ‘0’ by setting ‘the
equilibrium point’ as
the reference point of
the model.
(Refer to previous
figure and comments
on it)
Yes. Acceleration (a) is the
2nd derivative of distance (x)
mg
Force to oppose the pulling force by gravity
= Restoration force of the spring just to oppose
the pulling force by gravity
=
iv)
A.
Force created by Gravity
= Force pulling the object down to the ground
=
iii)
kx
Q. Can I convert this into a term
related to position of the
mass (x = distance from the
reference point) ?
ks
Force to prevent movement
= damping force
dx
=
dt
dx
kx mg ks
dt
dx
kx
dt
d 2x
a 2
dt
d 2x
ma m 2
dt
dx
d 2x
kx
m 2
dt
dt
d 2x
dx
m 2 kx
0
dt
dt
Governing Law : Population Growth Rate per Individual =
Rate of Factors increasing the Population
– Rate of Factoring decreasing the Population
dP
/P
dt
Q . What kind of Factors are there ?
i)
Increasing Factors
a) Birth Rate
1 dP
P dt
?
=
bP
b) Rate of immigration
=
ki P
ii) Decreasing Factors
a) Death Rate
=
dP
b) Rate of emigration
=
ke P
(bP ki P) (dP ke P)
(b ki d ke ) P
Governing Law : Kirchhoff's voltage law
The directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around
any closed circuit is zero
The sum of the emfs in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential
drops in that loop
Voltage Drop
Ri
EMFS
: Voltage Generator
di
L
dt
E
1
q
C
Voltage Drop
Voltage Drop
Voltage Generator(positive sign)
Voltage Drop (negative sign)
( E ) ( Ri ) ( L
di
1
) ( q) 0
dt
C
di 1
E Ri L q 0
dt C
di 1
E Ri L q
dt C
Differentiate both sides
dq
i
dt
dE
di
d di 1 dq
R L
dt
dt
dt dt C dt
dq
Simplify the equation
i
dt
dq
d dq
1
ER
L ( ) q
dt
dt dt
C
dE
di
d 2i 1
R L 2 i
dt
dt
dt C
dq
d 2q 1
ER
L 2 q
dt
dt
C
Simplify the equation
Mathematical
Operation
Modeling
Interpretation
Other Models
Differential
Equation
Real World
Problem
Matrix
Statistics
Probability (Stocastics)
Other Models
Mathematical
Solution
Real World
Solution
amp1
CH1
x
amp2
CH2
I
x
I+jQ
+
amp1
CH3
x
amp2
CH4
x
Q
x
j
x1 amplitude = 1
x2 amplitued = 0.5
x1 amplitude = 1
x2 amplitued = 0.25
How do we get this
kind of constellation ?
+
+
e2
e1
x1
e3
e4
EVM_x1 = min{e1, e2, e3, e4};
assuming
DPCCH {1,1}
DPDCH {1,1}
Is this constellation correct ?
c
15
d
15
Chip Rate Signal
a b i
1
a b i
Real part
Imaginary part
Imaginary
axis
| (a bi) |
=abs(a+b i)
a b i
b
Real axis
a
(a bi)
=arg(a+b i)
=angle of (a+b i)
c3 = c1 + c2
c1
c3
c1
plot(y)
Horizontal axis is automatically set,
because it is not specified in plot()
function
plot(x,y)
Total horizontal range is automatically set,
because it is not specified in plot() function
plot(x,y); xlim([-8 8]); ylim([-1.5 1.5]);
plot(x,y); axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
plot(x,y); axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
title('y=sin(x)');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('sin(x)');
color : ‘red’
format: ‘dashed line graph’
plot(x,y,’r--’); axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
title('y=sin(x)');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('sin(x)');
plot(x,y1,'r-',x,y2,'b-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
col1
row1
row2
1
N+1
row M
Subplot(M, N, 1); plot()
Subplot(M, N, 2); plot()
Subplot(M, N, 3); plot()
Subplot(M, N, M x N); plot()
col2
col3
col N
2
3
N
N+2
N+3
N+N
NxN
subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y1,'r-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
subplot(2,2,2); plot(x,y2,'g-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
subplot(2,2,3); plot(x,y3,'b-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
subplot(2,2,4); plot(x,y4,'m-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);
Plot curve along imaginary axis (absolute value of the expression)
(the line where real value = 0)
= This represents ‘Frequency Response’
pole
Plot curve along imaginary axis (arg of the expression)
(the line where real value = 0)