Transcript MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Applications

MCTS Guide to Microsoft
Windows Server 2008
Applications Infrastructure
Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
Chapter Ten
Configuring Windows Server 2008 for
High Availability
Objectives
• Discuss Windows Server 2008 high availability
technologies
• Configure round-robin DNS
• Configure network load balancing
• Configure a failover cluster
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Windows Server 2008 High Availability
Technologies
• High availability terms
–
–
–
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Mean time between failures (MTBF)
Mean time to recover (MTTR)
Recovery point objective (RPO)
Recovery time objective (RTO)
• Fault tolerance
– Ability of a server to recover from some type of
hardware failure
• Redundant hardware
– Two or more devices that perform the same task
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Component-Level Fault Tolerance
• Fault tolerance features present in most servers
– ECC memory
– RAID disk configurations
– Hot-swappable disks
• Additional features present in more expensive
servers
– Redundant power supplies
– Hot add/replace memory
– Hot add/replace CPU
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Server-Level High Availability/
Fault Tolerance
• Windows Server 2008 provides three primary high
availability technologies
– Round-robin load balancing
– Network load balancing (NLB) clusters
– Failover clusters
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Round-Robin Load Balancing
• Multiple DNS records used to resolve the same
host name to multiple IP addresses
• DNS server cycles through the duplicate host
records
– Returns a different IP address for each subsequent
query
• Flaws
– No recognition of a down server
– Cached client records
– All servers have equal priority
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Table 10-1 DNS records for www.yourdomain.local in round-robin load balancing scheme
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-1 Using DNS for round-robin load balancing
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-1: Install DNS and Create a
New Zone
• Log on to your Windows Server 2008 computer as
Administrator
– If Server Manager doesn’t start, click the server icon
in the Quick Launch toolbar
• In the left pane of Server Manager, click Roles
• Click Add Roles in the Roles Summary pane on the
right
– In the Before You Begin window, click Next
• In the Select Server Roles window, click to select
the DNS Server check box, and then click Next
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-1: Install DNS and Create a
New Zone (cont’d.)
• Read the information about the DNS Server role,
click Next
• On the Confirm Installation Selections screen, click
Install
– When the installation completes, click Close
• Click Start, Administrative Tools, DNS
• Click to expand the DNS server node, click
Forward Lookup Zones
– Right-click Forward Lookup Zones, click New Zone,
click Next
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-1: Install DNS and Create a
New Zone (cont’d.)
• In the Zone Type screen, accept the default zone
type of Primary, click Next
• In the Zone Name screen, type rrtest.local, click
Next
– Accept the default file name for the zone and click
Next
• In the Dynamic Update screen, click Next to accept
the default, and click Finish
• Keep DNS Manager open for the next activity
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-2: Configure DNS for
Round-Robin Load Balancing
• Log on to your Windows Server 2008 computer as
Administrator
– Start DNS Manager if necessary
• In the left pane of DNS Manager, right-click the
server node and click Properties
– Click the Advanced tab
• By default, round-robin is enabled
– If you want to disable round-robin, your would clear
the check box
– Click Cancel
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-2: Configure DNS for
Round-Robin Load Balancing (cont’d.)
• Click to expand Forward Lookup Zones, if
necessary and click rrtest.local
– Right-click rrtest.local and click New Host (A or
AAAA)
• In the New Host screen, type www in the Name
box and type 192.0.2.100 in the IP address box
– Click Add Host, OK
• Repeat above two more times, using www for the
name and 192.0.2.101 and 192.0.2.102
respectively for the IP addresses
– Click Done
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-2: Configure DNS for
Round-Robin Load Balancing (cont’d.)
• To test the round-robin configuration, open a
command prompt, type nslookup and press Enter
• Make sure the server nslookup will query is your
server by typing server 127.0.0.1 and pressing
Enter
• Type www.rrtest.local and press Enter
– The DNS server should return all three IP addresses
defined for host www
– Type www.rrtest.local and press Enter again
– You should see the order of the returned addresses
has changed
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-2: Configure DNS for
Round-Robin Load Balancing (cont’d.)
• If you continue to query for www.rrtest.local, you
should see the order of the returned addresses
change with each query
– Close the command prompt
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Network Load Balancing
• Server cluster
– Group of two or more servers configured to respond
to a single virtual IP address
– Used to provide scalability and fault tolerance
• Servers share the load of incoming requests based
on rules you can define
• A failed server can be removed from the cluster
and another server can take its place
• Primary function is to efficiently handle large
volume of client traffic
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-5 A logical depiction of network load balancing
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Installing Network Load Balancing
• Each server in the cluster should be configured
with the same OS version
• Not recommended to use a domain controller as a
server cluster
• Ideally, servers in an NLB cluster should be
configured with two NICs
– One used for communication with network clients
– Other dedicated for communication among cluster
members
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-6 NLB cluster – servers have two NICs
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-7 NLB topology
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-3: Install the Network Load
Balancing Feature
• Log on to the NLB1 server as Administrator
• Open Network and Sharing Center and click
Manage network connections
– Rename Local Area Connection to NLBAdapter and
Local Area Connection 2 to DedicatedAdapter
• Right-click NLBAdapter and click Properties
– Double-click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP)
– Set the IP address to 192.168.100.10 with a subnet
mask of 255.255.255.0
– Click Advanced and click the DNS tab
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-3: Install the Network Load
Balancing Feature (cont’d.)
– Click to uncheck the Register this connection’s
address in DNS check box, and click OK
• On the DedicatedAdapter connection, set the IP
address to 192.168.100.11 with a subnet mask of
255.255.255.0
– Close Network Connections and the Network and
Sharing Center
• Open Server Manager and click Features
– Click Add Features
– Check the box next to Network Load Balancing
– Click Next, Install
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-3: Install the Network Load
Balancing Feature (cont’d.)
• On the Installation Results screen, confirm that
Network Load Balancing was successfully installed
– Click Close to return to Server Manager
• Log on to NLB2 as Administrator and repeat steps
– Use values 20 and 21 respectively in the fourth octet
of the IP addresses of NLBAdapter and
DedicatedAdapter
• Stay logged on to both servers for the next activity
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Creating a Network Load Balancing
Cluster
• Creating an NLB cluster
– Create a new cluster
– Select a host and network interface to participate in
the cluster
– Configure the host priority/host ID
– Set the cluster IP address
– Set the cluster name and operation mode
– Configure port rules
– Add additional servers to the cluster
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Creating a Network Load Balancing
Cluster (cont’d.)
• Create a new cluster
– Open Network Load Balancing Manager from
Administrative tools on a server that has NLB
installed
– Right-click Network Load Balancing Clusters
• Option to create a new cluster or connect to an
existing cluster
• Select a host and network interface to participate in
the cluster
– Type the name of the server from which you are
running NLB Manager
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Creating a Network Load Balancing
Cluster (cont’d.)
• Configure the host priority/host ID
– Each host is assigned a unique host ID
– Represents host’s priority in the cluster
– Priority value from 1 to 32
• Set the Cluster IP Address
– Address by which the cluster’s networking services
are accessed by network clients
– DNS host record should exist for the cluster name
mapped to this address
– May have to add address manually
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Creating a Network Load Balancing
Cluster (cont’d.)
• Set the cluster name and operation mode
Figure 10-10 Cluster Parameters
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Creating a Network Load Balancing
Cluster (cont’d.)
• Configure port rules
Figure 10-11 Default port rule
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Creating a Network Load Balancing
Cluster (cont’d.)
• Add additional servers to the cluster
– From Network Load Balancing Manager, right-click
the cluster and click Add Host to Cluster
– NLB feature must be installed on the server you wish
to add
– Must select network interface and assign a priority
– Can assign port rules for the new server
– Can change the load weight if necessary
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-4: Create an NLB Cluster
• Log on to the NLB1 server as Administrator
• Open Network Load Balancing Manager from
Administrative Tools
• Right-click Network Load Balancing Clusters and
click New Cluster
– In the Host box, type nlb1 and click Connect
– Once connected, the New Cluster: Connect screen
shows the available interfaces for server nlb1
– Click NLBAdapter and click Next
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-4: Create an NLB Cluster
(cont’d.)
• In the New Cluster: Host Parameters screen,
Accept the default priority value of 1
– Click the listed IP address and click Remove
– Click Next
– Click Yes on the No Dedicated IP Addresses
message
• On the New Cluster: Cluster IP Addresses screen,
click Add
– Type 192.168.100.100 in the IPv4 address box
– Type 255.255.255.0 in the Subnet mask box
– Click OK, Next
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-4: Create an NLB Cluster
(cont’d.)
• On the New Cluster: Cluster Parameters screen
type nlb.mydomain.local in the Full Internet name
box
– Leave the Cluster operation mode set to Unicast,
and click Next
• On the New Cluster: Port Rules screen, read the
Port rule description for the default port rule, and
click Finish
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Activity 10-4: Create an NLB Cluster
(cont’d.)
• If you see errors in the log screen at the bottom of
Network Load Balancing Manager, check your
DNS configuration and network adapter IP address
settings
– If you see an error stating “The bind operation was
successful but NLB is not responding to queries,”
you will have to manually set the cluster IP address
on the network interface
• Click to expand NLB Clusters if necessary
– Right-click nlb.mydomain.local, click Add Host to
Cluster
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-4: Create an NLB Cluster
(cont’d.)
• In the Host box, type nlb2 and click Connect
– Click NLBAdapter if necessary and click Next
• In the Add Host to Cluster: Host Parameters
screen, leave the Priority at default value of 2
– Click the IP address listed in the Dedicated IP
addresses section, and click Remove, Next, Yes
• In the Add Host to Cluster: Port Rules screen, click
Finish
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Configuring an NLB Cluster
• Configuring cluster properties
Figure 10-19 Cluster Properties:
Cluster IP Addresses tab
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Configuring an NLB Cluster (cont’d.)
• Configuring port rules
Figure 10-20 Port Rules tab
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-21 Add/Edit Port Rule tab
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Configuring an NLB Cluster (cont’d.)
• Configuring host properties
Figure 10-22 Configuring host
properties
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-23 Changing the load weight or handling priority
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Managing an NLB Cluster
• Options for controlling individual hosts or cluster as
a whole
– Start
– Stop
– Drainstop
• Host completes active NLB sessions and stops taking
new sessions
– Suspend
• Prevents server from handling new NLB traffic
– Resume
• Resumes a suspended host and places it in stop state
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Failover Clusters
• Clustered application (service)
– Application or service installed on two or more
servers
• Cluster server
– Windows 2008 server that participates in a failover
cluster
• Active node (server)
– Cluster member that is responding to client requests
• Passive node (server)
– Cluster member that is in standby mode
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Failover Clusters (cont’d.)
• Standby mode
– Cluster node that is not active
• Quorum
– Configuration data that specifies status of each node
• Cluster heartbeat
– Communication between cluster nodes
– Lack of heartbeat informs cluster when a server is
no longer communicating
• Witness disk
– Shared storage to store cluster configuration data
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Failover Clusters (cont’d.)
• Failover clusters
– Two or more servers that access common storage
media
– Typically storage is in form of a SAN
• Servers are connected to SAN device through
secondary high-speed network connection
• One server considered active and others are
passive
– Active server handles all client requests
– Others remain in standby mode
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-25 Logical depiction of a failover cluster
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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How a Failover Cluster Works
• Client computers see the failover cluster as a
single entity with a single name or IP address
• If active server fails, another server can take over
the clustered application
• Quorum is used to determine when active server
can no longer serve client requests
• Quorum models
– Node majority, node and disk majority, node and file
share majority, no majority: disk only
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Requirements for a Failover Cluster
• Identical or nearly identical server components
• Identical CPU architecture (x64 or x86)
• Components should meet the “Certified for
Windows Server 2008” logo requirements
• Separate adapters for shared storage
communication and network client communication
• A supported cluster-compatible storage technology
– Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)
– Fibre Channel
– iSCSI
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Requirements for a Failover Cluster
(cont’d.)
• For iSCSI, you must use a separate network
adapter that is dedicated to cluster storage
• A minimum of two volumes, one of which will serve
as the witness disk for the cluster
• Cluster servers must run the same edition of
Windows Server 2008
• Cluster servers must be members of a Windows
domain
• All clustered applications or services must be the
same version, and all cluster servers should have
the same updates and service packs installed
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Requirements for a Failover Cluster
(cont’d.)
• Cluster storage requirements
– Clustered application’s data must be available to all
cluster members
– Shared storage is required on clusters that use the
Disk Majority or No Majority: Disk Only quorum
models
– All components of the storage system should be
Windows Server 2008 certified and use digitally
signed device drivers
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Failover Cluster Installation
• Procedure for installing and creating a failover
cluster
– Install the Failover Clustering feature on all servers
– Verify cluster server network and shared storage
access
• Procedure depends on type of shared storage and
network configuration
– Run the cluster validation wizard
– Create the cluster
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-26 Failover Cluster Management console
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-5: Install the Failover
Clustering Feature
• Log on to Server1 as the domain Administrator
• Open Server Manager if necessary
• Install the Failover Clustering feature using the Add
Features wizard in Server Manager
• Repeat for Server2
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-6: Validate a Cluster
Configuration
• Log on to Server1 as the domain Administrator
• Open Failover Cluster Management from
Administrative Tools
• Click Validate a Configuration in the Actions pane
to start the wizard
– Read the Before You Begin screen and then click
Next
• In the Select Servers or a Cluster screen, type
Server1, click Add, type Server2, click Add again,
click Next
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-6: Validate a Cluster
Configuration (cont’d.)
• In the Testing Options screen, leave the default
option of Run all tests selected, and click Next
• The confirmation screen reviews your validation
settings, click Next
• The validation test will run and each test will report
results as it runs
– Summary screen allows you to review the validation
report
• Click on View Report to get information about
errors, click Finish
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-7: Create a Failover Cluster
• Log on to Server1 as the domain Administrator
• Open Failover Cluster Management from
Administrative Tools, if necessary
• Click Create a Cluster in the Actions pane to start
the wizard
– Read the Before You Begin screen and then click
Next
• In the Select Servers screen, type Server1 and
click Add, type Server2, click Add again, and click
Next
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-7: Create a Failover Cluster
(cont’d.)
• Type Failover1 for the Cluster name in the Access
Point for Administering the Cluster screen
– Type 192.168.100.200 for the address, and click
Next
• Click Next after reviewing the settings on the
Confirmation screen
• Click View Report to get information on warnings or
errors reported
– Click Finish
• Review cluster configuration in Failover Cluster
Management
MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Applications
Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-7: Create a Failover Cluster
(cont’d.)
• Click Storage to see a summary of the cluster
storage
• Click Networks to review the cluster networks
• Close Failover Cluster Management
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Configuring Failover Clustering
• Configuring the cluster networks
– Each network adapter on your servers should be
connected to a different subnet
– Network adapters should be renamed to reflect the
network function
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-38 Cluster network properties
©Cengage Learning 2012
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-39 Configuring Cluster Quorum
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MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Applications
Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Figure 10-40 High Availability Wizard: Select a Service or Application
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-8: Create a File Server
Failover Cluster
• Log on to Server1 as the domain Administrator
• Open Failover Cluster Management from
Administrative Tools, if necessary
• Click to expand the cluster node in the left pane
– Click Services and Applications to start the High
Availability Wizard
• Read the information in the Before You Begin
screen and click Next
• In the Select Service or Application screen, click
File Server, Next
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-8: Create a File Server
Failover Cluster (cont’d.)
• In the Client Access Point screen, accept the
default name and click to assign an address
– Assign 192.168.100.201 and click Next
• Select the storage volume you want to use
– Check the box next to Cluster Disk 2, click Next
• Review the information on the Confirmation screen,
click Next
• Click View Report on the Summary screen to view
and correct errors, click Finish
MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Applications
Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-8: Create a File Server
Failover Cluster (cont’d.)
• In Failover Cluster Management, click to expand
Services and Applications and click FailoverFS
– Review summary information for the clustered
service
• To test your failover configuration, right-click
Failover1FS under Services and Applications and
click Move this service or application to another
node and choose the server
– Click Move FailoverFS to Server2 to confirm the
action
• Close Failover Cluster Management
MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Applications
Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Activity 10-8: Create a File Server
Failover Cluster (cont’d.)
• High availability options
– Preferred owner
– Failover options
– Failback options
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Summary
• Server high availability is accomplished using fault
tolerance at the server or component level
• Round-robin load balancing uses multiple DNS
records to resolve the same host name to multiple
IP addresses
• NLB uses server clusters to provide scalability and
fault tolerance
• A server cluster is a group of two or more servers
configured to respond to a single virtual IP address
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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Summary (cont’d.)
• Configuring an NLB cluster involves cluster
properties, host properties, and port rules
• A failover cluster consists of two or more servers
that access common storage media
– One server is considered active while others are
passive
• All failover cluster servers have access to the
application data
– If the active server fails, another server takes over
the clustered application
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Infrastructure Configuration (Exam # 70-643)
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