Transcript lido g.shdsl

LIDO Telecommunications Essentials®
Part 3
Next Generation Networks
Broadband Access Alternatives
Virtual Fiber, HAN, etc.
LIDO
1
Broadband Access Drivers
• The type of access you have may determine your
professional and personal success.
• Initial drivers were
– Users' desire to find information
– Users’ desire to be connected
• Today’s motivators require more bandwidth and
performance
– Users’ desire to experience the increasingly content-rich
multimedia spectacle of the Web
– Users’ desire to share digital photos, music, and video
LIDO
2
Evolution of Wired Digital Access
Pure Fiber
Hybrid Fibre/Copper
FTTH
Enhanced Copper
FTTx
VDSL2
ADSL2plus
ADSL
ISDN
LIDO
Voiceband
Modem
3
Broadband Access Options
• Twisted-Pair
– HDSL, SDSL, G.SHDSL, ADSL, RASDL, ADSL2, ADSL2+, ADSL2RE, VDSL, LR-VDSL2–12MHz, SR-VDSL2–30MHz
• Cable TV
– HFC, DOCSIS1.0, DOCSIS1.1, DOCSIS2.0, DOCSIS3.0,
PacketCable 1.0, PacketCable 1.5, PacketCable 2.0, OpenCable,
CableHome
• Fiber
– FTTN, FTTH/FTTP, APON, EPON, GPON
• Broadband Wireless
– DBS/DTH, WiMax, FSO, VF
• Mobile
– UMTS HSDPA, CDMA EV-DO
• Powerline
LIDO
– Broadband Powerline Telecommunications (PLT)
4
Global Broadband Access Status
• Current growth rate is more than one new
subscriber every second
• Big and established broadband countries have
achieved high penetration growth rates are slowing
• Newest broadband markets are showing the fastest
growth
– Africa and Middle East
– Latin America and eastern Europe
• China, India, and Russia to grow by leaps and
bounds in the coming years
LIDO
5
Global Broadband Access Status
• Currently DSL represents over 65% of the world
broadband market share
– The DSL Forum expects to see 500 million DSL
subscribers by 2010
• Cable modem and other technologies together
account for the rest of broadband usage
• Fiber deployment, especially passive optical
network (PON) technology, is on the rise worldwide
• Wireless broadband access is poised to take-off
LIDO
6
Deployment Drivers
• There are several key drivers behind a
service provider moving to deploy broadband
access.
– The experience of slower rates of growth or even
decline in their core business
– The ongoing growth in the demand for highspeed data
– The growing competition going on among many
alternative networks
LIDO
7
Deployment Drivers
• There are several drivers for deciding which
broadband option to deploy.
– The status of the embedded distribution plant
– The service provider’s services strategy
– The cost of installing the new distribution system, given
the physical footprint realities, such as the terrain and
environmental conditions
– The required performance level of the distribution system
– The physical footprint realities
LIDO
8
Footprint Reality
• What is the best broadband access option?
• There is no best option – it depends on the footprint
reality
– For example, broadband wireless may work very well in
one area but provide poor performance in another
because there are many trees, whose leaves act as
obstacles to microwave
• Multiple options are currently available.
• Across different terrains, across different
applications, and across different politics and
regulations, one of them is bound to work and
prevail as the best option.
LIDO
9
The DSL Family of Standards
• The xDSL family of standards includes a large
variety of speeds and distance specifications
– High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)
– Symmetric (or Single) Line Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)
– Symmetric High Speed Digital Subscriber Line
(G.SHDSL)
– Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), including
ADSL2, ADSL2+, and ADSL2-RE
– Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL)
– Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL),
including LR-VDSL2–12MHz and SR-VDSL2–30MHz.
LIDO
10
DSL Technology Background
• DSL (digital subscriber line) emerged from Bellcore
(now Telcordia) as a technique to filter out the
incessant background noise or interference on
copper wires and allow clearer connections through
the use of electronic intelligence (in the form of DSL
modems), at either end of a phone line.
• By utilizing the unused spectrum, DSL can use the
basic telephone line to carry digital data without
interfering with traditional voice services.
LIDO
11
DSL Technology Background
• DSL is the main competitor to cable modem
• Service operators are very interested in
providing triple-play and quadruple-play
services, and DSL can provide a path to
doing so.
LIDO
12
ADSL Components
Home
Local Exchange
Switch
PSTN
Workstation
Workstations
DSL
Modem
Phone
Jack
Maximum 18,000 ft.
Underground
or
Overhead
Hub
Router/Switch
Internet
DSLAM
ISP
Business
LIDO
13
xDSL Technologies
• The performance of DSL is dependent on the loop
length as well as the loop condition.
• The general rule of thumb with DSL is that the
greater the distance, the lower the performance,
and the shorter the distance, the greater the data
rate possible.
• DSL modems are generally limited in transmission
distance, ranging up to 18,000 ft./5.5km
• DSLs are point-to-point connections, always on.
LIDO
14
Basic Elements of xDSLs
•
•
•
•
•
LIDO
High bandwidth transmission
Efficient modulation or line coding techniques
Echo cancellation
Frequency splitting
Retain telephone power in event of power
failure
15
Factors Affecting xDSL
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
LIDO •
Attenuation
Resistance
Crosstalk
Loads & taps
Loop carrier
Other external impairments
Overall quality of cable
Contention ratio
16
High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line
(HDSL)
• Reduces cost of provisioning T-1/E-1 services.
• No repeaters, loop conditioning or pair selection
required
• Symmetrical, full-duplex service
– 784 Kbps each direction in North American standard
– 1.168 Mbps each direction in ITU standard
• Aggregate bandwidth equal to T-1 (1.544 Mbps) or
E-1 (2.048 Mbps)
– Requires two twisted-pair for T-1, and two or three pairs
for E-1
LIDO
• Up to 12,000 ft / 3.7 km on 24 AWG (0.5 mm)
• Up to 9,000 ft / 2.7 km on 26 AWG (0.4 mm)
17
HDSL
versus
Traditional T-1/E-1 Provisioning
Local Exchange
Remote Terminal
Traditional T1/E1
Service
Provisioning
CAP HDSL
T1/E1
Service
Provisioning
1.544 - 2.048
Mbps
Customer
Office
Repeater
CSU
Repeaters Every 3000 ft (900m) to 6000 ft (1800m)
No Bridge Taps Allowed
Local Exchange
Remote Terminal
784-1.168Mbps
DCS/
MUX
4W
HTU - C
4W
HTU - R
Up to 12,000 ft (3.6 km) of 24 AWG (.5mm)
Twisted Pair Wire
Bridge Taps Are Allowed
LIDO
Customer
CSU
18
HDSL Benefits
• HDSL reduces the cost of provisioning services to
customers.
• Allows customers outside the range of the
traditional T-1/E-1 environment to enjoy the
privileges of this high-bandwidth option.
• HDSL enables rapid provisioning.
• Good solution for increasing the number of access
lines via the digital loop carrier transport.
LIDO
19
HDSL Applications
• Key business applications
– PBX interconnection
– Cellular antenna stations interconnection
– Interexchange POP interconnection
• Residential offerings
– Developed to provide the capacity and symmetry of
HDSL to residences
– HDSL2 (two-wire)
– HDSL4 (four-wire) extends reach by up to 30%
• Newer standards, like G.SHDSL, are preferred
today
LIDO
20
SDSL (Symmetric Digital
Subscriber Line)
• Symmetric (or Single-line) Digital Subscriber Line,
or SDSL, involves a single twisted copper pair that
can be up to 3.5 miles (or 5.5km) long.
• It is a symmetrical, full-duplex service
• SDSL supports multiple data rates
– up to T-1 or E-1 rates
– you can subscribe to varying bandwidths, up to 1.5Mbps
or 2Mbps.
LIDO
21
SDSL (Symmetric Digital
Subscriber Line)
• Applications include
– Replacement of local repeatered T-1/E-1 trunks
– Fractional T-1/E-1 service
– PBX interconnection
– multirate ISDN
– switched 384 Kbps
– local frame relay alternative
– traffic aggregation
– high speed residential service
LIDO
22
SDSL (Symmetric Digital
Subscriber Line)
• SDSL is not standardized
• ITU standardized G.SHDSL
• Leads to some confusion because in Europe
G.SHDSL was standardized by the European
Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI)
under the name SDSL.
• Equipment referred to as supporting SDSL is
generally proprietary equipment that only talks to
SDSL equipment from the same vendor or another
vendor's equipment that uses the same DSL
chipset.
23
LIDO
G.SHDSL
• G.SHDSL stands for Symmetric High Speed Digital
Subscriber Line.
• Two main drivers influenced the introduction of
G.SHDSL.
– a need for a higher-speed digital transport service for
business applications.
– a global standard was therefore needed.
• G.SHDSL was developed to incorporate the
features of other DSL technologies, such as ADSL
and SDSL.
• G.SHDSL can transport T-1, E-1, ISDN, ATM, and
IP signals.
LIDO
24
G.SHDSL
• G.SHDSL, often referred to as simply SHDSL, was
the first international standard for DSL. Ratified by
the ITU (G.991.2) in February 2001.
• Symmetric service with options to operate over one
pair or two pairs of copper wires
• Up to 5.6 Mbps in both downstream and upstream
directions
• Rate-adaptive capability
• G.SHDSL promises to operate over ranges 15-20%
greater than HDSL.
25
LIDO
G.SHDSL
• G.SHDSL eliminates the need for T-1/E-1 repeaters
on loops under 3.5 miles (or 5.5km).
• G.SHDSL offers improved reach, providing a 20%
to 30% increase compared to HDSL or SDSL.
• G.SHDSL is spectrally compatible with ADSL, which
means G.SHDSL can be mixed in the same cable
bundles with ADSL, HDSL, and HDSL2 without
much, if any, interference.
• G.SHDSL and ADSL can be deployed from the
same platform.
LIDO
26
G.SHDSL Applications
• Business applications
–
–
–
–
–
Multiline Voice over DSL
Web hosting
Videoconferencing
Virtual Private Network (VPN) services
Remote LAN Access
• Residential applications
–
–
–
–
–
LIDO
Extended reach for remote customers
Internet gaming
Residential gateway access
Peer-to-peer services
Multi-unit market
• multiple-dwelling unit (MDU) or multiple-tenant unit (MTU)
27
ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital
Subscriber Line)
• Initially introduced in 1993 with the intention of
supporting video-on-demand.
• Ratified by the ITU-T in 1999, under
recommendation G.992.1.
• It is also standardized under ANSI T1.413 Issue 2
• Applications include Internet access, remote LAN
access, voice over DSL, DSL bonding, Video on
Demand (VoD)
LIDO
28
ADSL
• Asymmetric service, operating over a bandwidth of
1.1MHz.
– Downstream rates from 256 Kbps to 7 Mbps
– Upstream rates from 64 Kbps to 800 Kbps
– Maximum reach of 3.5 miles (or 5.5 km).
• Performance of ADSL depends on
LIDO
–
–
–
–
–
–
Distance from the CPE to the DSLAM
Signal-to-noise ratio
Signal attenuation
Cable diameter
Line impedance
General condition of the cable
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ADSL & ATM
• Because ADSL carries a mixture of traffic, a
multiplexing technology is required to carry both
time-critical and less time-critical data.
– ADSL is therefore commonly deployed with ATM, which
serves this purpose.
• Because different ATM virtual circuits (VCs) can be
allocated for different services, ATM ensures that
service providers can provide triple-play services.
• Some network operators have been moving away
from the use of ATM and replacing it with Ethernetbased solutions.
LIDO
30
ADSL Operation
• Allows for simultaneous voice and Internet
traffic on the same phone line
• Reserves the bottom 4 KHz of spectrum for
voice traffic
• Filters, known as splitters, are used at each
end of the copper pair to split the frequency
bands
LIDO
– The lower frequencies are sent to the local
exchange, the high frequencies are sent to the
ADSL modems
31
ADSL Modulation
• Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) modulation,
was the de facto modulation scheme for ADSL
deployments until 1996.
• The DMT modulation scheme was selected for the
first ITU-T ADSL standards, G.992.1 (also called
G.dmt) and G.992.2 (also called G.lite), and CAP is
no longer used.
• DMT is an Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (or OFDM) technique.
• The result is improved performance. Compared to
CAP, DMT is less prone to interference and can
carry data over a longer distance.
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LIDO
ADSL Configuration
Voice
Network
Voice Gateway
Voice Switch
Class 5
Data Switch
Internet
ATM or IP
Backbone
DSLAM
(Incorporates
ADSL modem
&Voice
Splitter
Integrated
Access Device
voice/data
Corporate
Network
1.5-8 Mbps
9.6-800 Kbps
Existing
Telephone
Other
Corporate Offices
Online
Information
Services
POTS Splitter
DSL Modem
LIDO
33
DSL Access Multiplexers
(DSLAMs)
• Designed to concentrate hundreds of xDSL access
lines onto ATM or IP trunks and then route them to
the ISP
• DSLAMs aggregate dedicated DSL pipes up to
routers or multiservice edge switches
• Combine ADSL bit coding and ATM cell switching
• Allow ATM demarcation point to be at the local
exchange or at the customer premise
LIDO
34
ADSL2
• In July 2002, the ITU completed G.992.3 and
G. 992.4, two new standards for ADSL
technology collectively called ADSL2.
• The basic goals are
– to increase the transmission rate
– increase the range,
– improve the overall reliability and manageability
of DSL services.
LIDO
35
ADSL2
• ADSL2 adds new features and functionality targeted
at improving performance and interoperability, and
adds support for new applications, services, and
deployment scenarios.
• Among the changes are improvements in
–
–
–
–
LIDO
data rate and reach performance
rate adaptation
diagnostics
stand-by mode
36
ADSL2
• ADSL2 has been specifically designed to improve
the rate and reach of ADSL.
– Downstream rates up to 12 Mbps
– Upstream data rates up to 1 Mbps
– Improves reach by about 600 ft (or 180 meters).
• ADSL2 introduces a number of new features
–
–
–
–
–
LIDO –
Power cutback capability
Reduced framing overhead
Better modulation efficiency
Channelization capability
Bonding of lines
Optional “all-digital mode”
37
ADSL2
• Additional features of ADSL2 include
– Integrated diagnostics
– Faster startup
– Inverse Multiplexing (IMA)
– Ethernet support
LIDO
38
ADSL2+
• In January 2003, G.992.5 officially joined the
ADSL2 family as ADSL 2+ (or ADSL2plus).
• ADSL2+ doubles the downstream frequency
band to 2.2 MHz, increasing the DMT
channel count to 512.
• ADSL2+ doubles the maximum downstream
bandwidth, achieving rates of up to 24 Mbps
on phone lines as long as 1 mile (or 1.5 km).
LIDO
39
ADSL2+
• ADSL2+ solutions will most commonly be
multimodal, interoperating with ADSL and ADSL2,
as well as with ADSL2+ chipsets.
• ADSL2+ enables service providers to evolve their
networks to support advanced services such as
video in a flexible way, with a singular solution for
both short-loop and long-loop applications.
• It includes all the feature and performance benefits
of ADSL2 while maintaining the capability to
interoperate with legacy equipment.
LIDO
40
ADSL2+ Enhancements
• Power Spectrum Density (PSD) Masks
– The other major enhancement with ADSL2+ is the Annex
L additions to improve crosstalk and interference control.
– The standard specifies a set of upstream and
downstream Power Spectrum Density (PSD) masks that
defines methods for shaping the DSL transmission signal.
– The PSD masks allow the modems to optimize
performance by adjusting the power levels on the various
DMT channels.
– Particularly important on longer loops (e.g. 14,000 to
18,000 ft),
LIDO
41
ADSL2+ and TV
• Some telcos are already beginning to use ADSL2+
to support Internet Protocol TV (or IPTV) services,
with an eye toward HDTV.
• However ADSL2 and ADSL2+ are still not sufficient
to support applications such as multiple HDTV
channels.
• Another problem with ADSL2+ is that the equipment
for multiple-vendor setups still requires
interoperability testing.
LIDO
42
ADSL2-RE
• ADSL2-RE (extended reach) allows DSL systems to
reach up to 3.75 miles (or 6 km).
• This equates to more than a 20% increase in
coverage and opens the door for carriers to sign up
new subscribers.
• The ITU-T ratified ADSL2-RE under
recommendation G.992.3 in 2003.
• While it can support up to 8Mbps downstream and
1Mbps upstream, when taking advantage of its
main feature, ADSL2-RE extends a 768Kbps
downstream service by approximately 0.5 mile (or
43
LIDO 1km).
RADSL (Rate Adaptive Digital
Subscriber Line)
• Adapts data rates dynamically, based on changes
in line conditions.
• Can operate over a wider range of loop lengths and
conditions, up to 18,000 ft
• Can operate with symmetrical or asymmetrical
send/receive channels
• Downstream rates from 600 Kbps to 7 Mbps,
upstream from 128 Kbps to 1 Mbps
• Most RADSL devices use DMT encoding
LIDO
44
VDSL (Very High Bit Rate Digital
Subscriber Line)
• The ITU-T standardized VDSL in 2004 under recommendation
G.993.1.
• Single twisted copper pair, very short loop length
– operating distance from 1000-5000ft / 300-1500m
• Speeds vary depending on distance and configuration
distance
downstream upstream
•
•
•
•
Asymmetric
Asymmetric
Symmetric
Symmetric
3kft
1kft
3kft
1kft
26Mbps
52Mbps
13Mbps
26Mbps
3Mbps
6Mbps
13Mbps
26Mbps
• Performance degrades over longer distances
LIDO
45
VDSL Architecture
Asymmetric:
26 Mbps
Central Office
3 Mbps
Remote Node
Narrowband
Switch
To Video
Headend &
Internet Service
Provider
Broadband
Switch
Copper
S
S
3000 ft.
V
ONU
Fiber
V
NT
200 to 500
Homes Served
LIDO
S
VD SL Modem
V
POTS/VDSL Splitter
Active Network Termination in the Home
46
VDSL2
• VDSL2 was standardized under ITU
recommendation G.993.1 in 2005.
• VDSL2 applications include
– Next generation of TV, Video-on-Demand, Digital TV,
High Definition TV, and interactive multimedia Internet
access.
• VDSL2 offers two bandwidth options.
LIDO
– LR-VDLS2-12MHz, specified as G.993.2, is the "long
reach" alternative, supporting up to 55Mbps downstream
and up to 30Mbps upstream.
– SR-VDSL2–30MHz, specified as G.993.2, is the "short
reach" option, enabling up to 100Mbps in both directions,
albeit over very short distances of 0.3 miles (or 0.5km) or47
VDSL2
• VDSL2 supports a larger variety of services,
including integrated QoS features, the ability to
carry ATM as well as Ethernet payload, and channel
bonding for extended reach or rate.
• VDSL2 is compatible with ADSL, ADSL2, and
ADSL2+.
• Given its improved data rates and reach, power
features, and QoS features, VDSL2 also enables
triple- and quadruple-play applications.
• A typical VDSL2 connection can support at least
three DTV channels, 5Mbps Web surfing, and Voice
48
LIDO over IP.
VDSL2
• VDSL2 is viewed as the ultimate DSL standard,
being a natural evolution of ADSL2+, allowing
continued exploitation of copper plants, and
providing sufficient bandwidth for advanced
applications.
• VDSL2 gives telcos the ability to support multiple
standard definition and high-definition video
streams via copper.
• Adoption of VDSL2 appears to be moving quickly,
with major activity worldwide.
LIDO
49
Cable TV
• Cable TV operators are also called Mutiple
System Operators (MSOs)
• In major competition with telcos
– Cable TV operators are providing Internet access
and voice services
– Telcos are providing TV and interactive services
LIDO
50
HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax) Architecture
Headend
Trunk RF
Amplifier
Fiber: 5-40
Kilometers
Fiber
Backbone
Distribution
Hub
Coax
Optical Node
Optical Node
LIDO
Line RF Amplifiers
200-2000
Homes Served
51
Cable TV Network
• Traditional cable TV plants were one-way analog
networks.
• Two-way infrastructures are required to handle
Internet access, voice communications, or any
other interactive services.
• Since the 1990s, the upgrade to digital two-way
systems has been occurring in countries with
existing cable infrastructures.
LIDO
52
Cable TV Access - Network Elements
CMTS
CM
CM
CM
Headend
Facility
Video
Receivers
Modulators
SDH/SONET
Backbone
Coax Cable
CMTS
CM
CM
CM
Ethernet
Hub
LIDO
CM = Cable Modems
CMTS = Cable Modem Termination System
IP Router
Internet
53
MSO Backbone
Head
End
Fiber
Backbone
Head
End
Head
End
Head
End
Fiber
Backbone
HFC Network
Optical
Neighborhood
Nodes
Fiber
Coaxial
Cable
Head
End
Head
End
200-2000
Home Area
LIDO
Bus Topology
54
HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coax)
• Multiple access coax system represents a hostile
environment
– requires additional signal processing to
overcome impairments.
• Requires a cable modem for data communications
services
• Major concerns include security, privacy, reliability
and return path issues.
• Subdividing nodes alleviates bandwidth constraints
and reduces ingress noise
LIDO
55
Cable Modems
LAN Oriented Connectivity
CMTS
CM
CM
CM
Headend
Facility
Video
Receivers
Modulators
SDH/SONET
Backbone
Coax Cable
CMTS
CM
CM
CM
Ethernet
Hub
LIDO
CM = Cable Modems
CMTS = Cable Modem Termination System
IP Router
Internet
56
CMTS Functions
• CMTS functions include
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
LIDO
providing QoS
allocating bandwidth
classifying packets
policing packets for Type of Service (ToS) fields
adjusting the ToS fields as needed
performing traffic shaping
forwarding packets
converting and classifying QoS parameters
handling signaling and reservation of backbone QoS
recording call resource usage
57
Cable Modems Characteristics
• Downstream data rates up to 36 Mbps
– 42-750 MHz range
– 64/256 QAM modulation technique
– more bits per second
• Upstream data rates up to 10 Mbps
– 5-40 MHz range
– QPSK and 16 QAM modulation technique
– better noise-resistance
LIDO
58
Cable Modem Standards
• CableLabs
– Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
(DOCSIS)
– PacketCable
– OpenCable
– VOD Metadata
– CableHome
LIDO
59
Cablelabs Standards
Service Possibilities
PacketCable
DOCSIS
CM
MPEG
Services
CMTS
Operator
Core Backbone
CM
CM
CM
Operator
Aggregation
Network
CM
IP
Services
CableHome
CMTS
CM
CM
CM
Core Network
Aggregation Network
Access Network
Operator Administered
Backend
LIDO
Headend
CPE
60
Cable Modem Standards
• The CableLabs® Certified™ Cable Modem project,
also known as DOCSIS® defines interface
requirements for cable modems involved in highspeed data distribution over cable television system
networks.
• The certified cable modem project also provides
cable modem equipment suppliers with a fast,
market-oriented method for attaining cable industry
acknowledgment of DOCSIS compliance.
LIDO
61
EuroDOCSIS & DOCSIS
• The Euro-DOCSIS standard was created based on
the U.S. DOCSIS standard.
• ETSI has approved both DOCSIS and the EuroDOCSIS annex as specifications.
• With the DOCSIS and Euro-DOCSIS standards, the
downstream channel occupies the capacity of a
single TV transmission channel.
– In North America it is the 6MHz NTSC channel
– In Europe it is the 8MHz PAL channel
• Euro-DOCSIS also takes advantage of a higher
capacity in the upstream band, ranging from 5MHz
62
LIDO to 65MHz.
DOCSIS Architecture
Cable Headend
OSS Support
OSS Interface
Fiber
Interface
Between
CPE & CM
Coax/RF
Interface
Fiber
Node
MOD
Network
Termination
RX
Splitter
5-42
MHz
LIDO
CMTS
Headend
Switch
WAN
Backbone
DEMOD
Fiber
Cable
Modem (CM)
TX
Combiner
50-860
MHz
Downstream
Interface
CMTS
Network
Interface
Upstream
Interface
Baseline
Privacy
(BPI)
Local
Server
Security
63
DOCSIS Standards Family
• Three successive versions of DOCSIS
– DOCSIS® 1.0
– DOCSIS® 1.1
– DOCSIS® 2.0
– DOCSIS 3.0
• The ITU has adopted two of the DOCSIS
variants as international standards
LIDO
– DOCSIS 1.1 ratified as ITU-T Recommendation
J.112.
– DOCSIS 2.0 ratified as ITU-T Recommendation
J.122.
64
DOCSIS 1.0
• DOCSIS 1.0 enables the cable TV industry to
deliver high-speed data using cable modems.
• The main service with DOCSIS 1.0 is two-way
access to the Internet.
• With DOCSIS 1.0, the downstream data rate is up
to 40 Mbps, and the upstream rate is up to 10Mbps
over a 3.2MHz channel.
• For downstream data, the modulation technique
specified is either 64-QAM or 256-QAM, and
upstream it is either QPSK or 16-QAM.
LIDO
65
DOCSIS 1.1
• DOCSIS 1.1 specifications features include
– Improved operational flexibility
– Security
– Quality-of-Service (QoS)
• These features enable real-time services
such as
– Voice-over-IP telephony (VoIP)
– Interactive gaming
– Tier-based services.
LIDO
66
DOCSIS 1.1
• For downstream data, the modulation
technique specified is either 64-QAM or 256QAM
• For upstream data, it is either QPSK or 16QAM.
• Along with cable modems, DOCSIS 1.1 also
supports VoIP phones and residential
gateways.
LIDO
67
DOCSIS 1.1
IP Telephony
DOCSIS 1.1
Cable Modem
DOCSIS/HFC
Network
Client
Application
CMTS
Call
Management
Server
LIDO
OSS Back-Office Servers
and Applications:
•Ticket Granting
•DHCP
•DNS
•FTP/HTTP
•SYSLOG
•Record Keeping
•Provisioning
Managed
IP Network
Media Gateway
Controller
Announcement
Server
•Controller
•Player
PSTN
Media Gateway
Signaling Gateway
68
DOCSIS 1.1
• The DOCSIS 1.1 standard addresses real-time
applications such as IP telephony.
• Key issues in cable-based IP telephony include
voice quality and how to guarantee it in terms of
latency, fidelity, jitter, packet loss, and reliability at
the customer end.
• Other issues are legacy signaling support, data
security, scalability, and feature deployment at the
service provider's end.
LIDO
69
DOCSIS 2.0
• DOCSIS 2.0 supports downstream speeds of up to
40Mbps and increases upstream speeds up to
30Mbps.
• DOCSIS 2.0 also supports symmetric services.
• Along with broadband Internet access, VoIP, and
tiered services, DOCSIS 2.0 also supports
commercial services and videoconferencing.
• In addition to cable modems, VoIP phones, and
residential gateways, it also supports video phones.
LIDO
70
DOCSIS 2.0
• For downstream data, the modulation technique
specified is either 64-QAM or 256-QAM, and
upstream it is either QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64-QAM.
• DOCSIS 2.x also adds support for mobile devices.
• Although most operators will build it into their
hardware, it will be the services—from IP voice to
multimedia gaming—that will drive MSOs' decisions
to implement DOCSIS 2.0 or higher.
LIDO
71
DOCSIS 3.0
• DOCSIS 3.0 increases the capacity, offering a
minimum of 160Mbps downstream to customers
and a minimum of 120Mbps upstream.
• DOCSIS 3.0 achieves its speed boost in part
through "channel bonding" for both up- and
downstream transmission.
• DOCSIS 3.0 supports IPv6.
• DOCSIS 3.0 adds entertainment video on top of the
services supported by DOCSIS 2.0 and 2.x, and
adds support for IP set-top boxes to the list of
equipment supported by the earlier DOCSIS
72
LIDO versions.
DOCSIS DSG
• The cable industry is applying DOCSIS to many
services and applications beyond just Internet
access.
• These include new applications to monitor the
health of the cable plant, including power supplies
and amplifiers, and a communications pathway for
digital set-tops.
• DOCSIS Set-top Gateway (DSG) is a capability that
gives operators a standard method to deliver
messages, to guide data and more advanced
streaming applications via a DOCSIS channel to the
73
LIDO digital set-top box.
DOCSIS DSG
Digital Video
Feeds
Set-top Box w/
Cable Modem
(DSGeCM, DSG client,
DSG client controller)
MPEG-2
Encoder
LOCAL SERVERS
•Conditional Access System
•Electronic Program Guide
•System Information
•Emergency Alert System
•Video Servers
Headend
Switch
TV
HFC
Network
ISP
PC
DSG Agent
CMTS wDSG
Transports OOB messages
Cable Modem
LIDO
PC
74
PacketCable
• PacketCable is focused on developing
interoperable interface specifications for delivering
advanced, real-time multimedia services over twoway cable plant.
• PacketCable interconnects three networks
– the HFC access network
– the PSTN
– IP networks
• PacketCable networks use IP to enable various
multimedia services, including IP telephony,
videoconferencing, multiparty game playing, and
LIDO other multimedia applications.
75
PacketCable
• The PacketCable suite of specifications is
internationally known as IPCablecom.
• PacketCable documents have been approved
by the ITU for adoption as worldwide
standards.
• The PacketCable project also seeks to help
establish international standards to foster
interoperability.
LIDO
76
PacketCable Standards
• There are three PacketCable standards
– PacketCable 1.0
– PacketCable 1.5
– PacketCable 2.0
• First service defined for this platform is Voice-overInternet Protocol (VoIP).
• The core set of PacketCable 1.0 specifications
describes how to move the basic functions, that are
typically consolidated on a single, expensive Class
5 local exchange switch, onto several generalpurpose servers
– leads to a low-cost, highly flexible, scalable, distributed
LIDO
architecture
77
PacketCable 1.5
• PacketCable 1.5 supersedes previous versions and
supports additional capabilities.
• Defines items necessary to implementing a singlezone or multizone solution for residential IP voice
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
LIDO
call signaling
QoS
codec
client provisioning
billing
message collection
PSTN interconnection
security interfaces
78
PacketCable Multimedia
Managed
IP Network(s)
CMTS
Application
Manager (AM)
Policy Server (PS)
HFC Access
Network
(DOCSIS)
Cable
Modem
Client
Application
Managed
IP Network
Record Keeping Server (RKS)
CMTS
LIDO
HFC Access
Network
(DOCSIS)
Cable
Modem
Client
Application
79
PacketCable 2.0
• PacketCable 2.0 is designed to extend cable
TV’s IP network architecture.
• The goal is to accelerate the convergence of
voice, data, video, and mobility services.
• Defines a modular architecture.
• Replaces MGCP (or the Media Gateway
Control Protocol) with Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP).
LIDO
80
OpenCable
• The goal of the OpenCable™ initiative is to help the
cable industry deploy interactive services over cable.
• OpenCable represents a major effort on the part of
North American cable operators to
–
–
–
–
Define the next-generation digital consumer device,
Encourage supplier competition
Create a common platform for two-way interactive services
Create a retail hardware platform
• the OpenCable project has two key components
– A hardware specification
– A software specification
LIDO
81
OpenCable Hardware
• OpenCable hardware will consist of DOCSIS used
with OpenCable set-top boxes, creating terminals
that are capable of supporting next-generation
video and the entire range of current and future
Internet and Web-based applications.
• Characteristics of OpenCable digital set-top boxes
include
– expanded memory
– powerful graphics engines
– and support for one-way broadcasts as well as two-way
interactive services
LIDO
82
OpenCable Software
• Open Cable Applications Platform (OCAP) enables
application writers to create new interactive services
that will run on a broad range of advanced digital
set tops and cable-ready TVs.
• OCAP is intended to enable the developers of
interactive television services and applications to
design products that will run successfully on any
cable TV system in North America.
• It enables application writers to write their software
once and be assured it will run on all OCAPcompliant devices produced by any manufacturer.
LIDO
83
OpenCable OCAP
• OCAP specifications include two main sets of
software: middleware and applications
software/content authoring tools.
• OpenCable's objective is to put OCAP middleware
into all sorts of intelligent devices and then use
OCAP authoring tools to create interactive content
to run on those devices.
• OCAP creates the opportunity to establish a
standardized platform to launch a myriad of
interactive services over a wide variety of digital
devices.
LIDO
84
Video-On-Demand Metadata
• VOD Metadata is a project to investigate the
distribution of content assets.
• Metadata is descriptive data associated with a
content asset package.
• It may vary in depth greatly - from merely identifying
content title for the electronic program guide (EPG)
to providing a complete index of movie scenes
• Initial efforts focus on creating specifications for
Video-on-Demand (VOD) and Subscription Videoon-Demand (SVOD) applications.
LIDO
85
CableHome
• CableLabs also has a home networking initiative,
called CableHome.
• CableHome's objective is to deliver to subscribers
high-quality managed, value-added, broadband
services over any home network media.
• Cable operators and telcos are taking advantage of
revenue opportunities provided by home networking
services.
• In addition, forward-looking services, such as
medical monitoring, energy management, and
networked personal video recording (or PVR)
86
LIDO distribution will be increasingly visible.
Cable Futures
• The industry’s perspective is that
LIDO
– within 10 to 15 years, cable networks will have
evolved to a converged platform
– analog video will have ceased
– telephone will have migrated to VoIP
– QAM-modulated downstream channels carrying
MPEG transport stream (MPEG-TS) packets
– upstream communications will be DOCSIS
– decryption modules will be portable
– headend encryption will no longer be inseparable
87
from multiplexing and modulation
Cable Futures
• Video-on-demand is cable TV’s fastest growing new
service category.
• VOD is an essential tool in the competition with
satellite.
• It exploits three inherent advantages that HFC
networks have over DBS networks:
– greater raw information capacity,
– a broadband two-way connection,
– and a customer base that can be segmented into small
groups.
LIDO
88
Cable Futures
• There are limited options for solving the immediate
bandwidth crunch:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
LIDO
Increasing downstream bandwidth
Decreasing node sizes (or sub-dividing nodes)
More efficient digital video encoding
More efficient sharing of bandwidth between applications,
More aggressive modulation formats (e.g. 1024 QAM), or
Switched real-time broadcast
Advanced codecs
Next-Generation Network Architecture (NGNA)
89
Fiber To The x
Node, Building, Home, Premise, Curb
• FTTx solutions are gaining momentum as the best
means for offering bundled services — but there are
some key considerations for the provider.
• These considerations are often dependent upon
numerous factors, such as existing infrastructure
and geographical density.
• The current FTTx market is primarily comprised of
–
–
–
–
–
LIDO
Municipalities
Utilities
Smaller independent and competitive local exchange carriers
Multiple System Operators (MSO, or Cable TV provider)
Incumbent telcos
90
FTTx
• Most of the sector have focused on the residential
home side.
• On the commercial and multi-dwelling unit front, it is
believed that cable operators have a keen interest
in plugging fiber directly into small and mediumsized businesses and apartment buildings.
• Incumbent telcos are expected to warm up to FTTx
technologies as cable operators achieve more
success with the video, voice and data bundling
strategies.
91
LIDO
FTTx
• High equipment and construction costs have long
been a barrier for FTTx, but costs are declining as
the technology matures.
• Due to cheaper equipment and more efficient field
operations, those costs are now nearly on par with
advanced HFC architectures.
• Current FTTx expense figures, per connected
home, range from US$800 to US$2000.
– Depends on the technology and the footprint
reality
92
LIDO
FTTx
• Because FTTx is best set for greenfield
environments, some providers see their main
market as the international marketplace, where
traditional infrastructures are not in place.
• How deep into the network should fiber be placed
and what will be the cost of replacing existing
copper with fiber?
• The main architectural difference between major
service providers is how far to drive the fiber toward
the home.
LIDO
93
Fiber To The x
Node, Building, Home, Premise, Curb
• There are main several options
– Fiber to the Node (FTTN)
– Fiber to the Home or Premise (FTTH/FTTP)
• The first option is to extend FTTN where the
network then takes advantage of existing copper or
HFC plants to deliver services.
– the former uses a variety of DSL technologies to optimize
the copper bandwidth
– the latter is being employed today by the MSOs (cable TV
companies)
LIDO
94
FTTN
• The biggest advantage of FTTN is that is takes
advantage of the enormous amount of embedded
copper.
• The most important challenge, and disadvantage, is
squeezing sufficient capacity out of that plant to
deliver the Triple Play, or more specifically, video.
– In order to accommodate more bits per second
down the transmission path, two techniques must
be applied
• Increase the useable bandwidth
• Strive to get greater bandwidth efficiency
LIDO
95
Fiber To The Node
FTTN
Local
Exchange
Residential
Gateway
Neighborhood
Concentrator
IP Phone
ADLS2+/VDSL
25 Mbps
Fiber
PC
Up to 5000 ft
Set Top
Box
LIDO
TV
96
FTTN
• One solution for packet based video is the DSL
Forum’s IP video distribution technology.
• The other solution involves proprietary vendordefined schemes.
• Those pursuing a FTTN strategy are investigating
new technologies addressing three key areas
– New technology for wire pair transmission
– Video compression
– Packet video with appropriate and adequate channel
changing performance
LIDO
97
Fiber To The Home/Premise
FTTH/FTTP
• The second method takes fiber directly to the side
of each home, typically referred to as FTTH or
FTTP.
• FTTH/FTTP offers the greatest potential for
realizing the long term end-user service needs.
• Accordingly, this is the most "future-proof" of these
architectures.
• The most common implementation today is the
PON.
LIDO
98
Fiber To The Premise
FTTH/FTTP
Passive Optical
Splitter
Local
Exchange
Optical
Network Unit
IP Phone
Fiber
Optical Wire
Terminal
PC
Up to 32
Single Fiber
Terminations
Set Top
Box
LIDO
TV
99
Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
• Most common fiber implementation today is the PON
• Allows multiple buildings to share one access line.
• It is a point-to-multipoint configuration, which reduces
the amount of fiber required.
• PONs allow for two-way traffic on a single fiber pair
by making use of one wavelength for downstream
traffic and another for upstream traffic.
• Utilize passive optical splitters to split the power of
the optical signal and route it to multiple subscribers.
• Theoretical range of about 12 miles (or 20km).
LIDO
100
Passive Optical Networks (PONs)
• PONs share one fiber channel among up to 32
customers, and deliver voice, data and potentially
video.
• PONs reduce costs by distributing costs across
more endpoints and replacing expensive add-drop
multiplexers or DWDM nodes with optical splitters
and couplers at each fiber connection in the
network.
• Downstream signals are encrypted to prevent
eavesdropping.
• Upstream bandwidth is allocated by assigning a
timeslot to each subscriber when the user has traffic
101
LIDO to send.
PON Architecture
Leased Wavelength of SDH/SONET
ATM Over SDH/SONET
Point of Presence:
Local Exchange
or Cable Headend
OLT
Switch
LEC
Local Exchange
OADM
OC-3
155 Mbps OADM
DWDM Network
Switch
OADM
OC-3
OADM
Fiber
Homes & Businesses
Outside
Plant Pedestal
PON
Splitter/Coupler
ONU
ONU
Large Office Building
IAD
PON
Splitter/Coupler
PON
ONU
PBX
ONU
Router
ONU
ONU
ONU
Homes & Businesses
LIDO
OADM - Optical Add/Drop Mux
ONU - Optical Network Unit
PON - Passive Optical Network
OLT - Optical Line Terminal
IAD - Integrated Access Device
102
Source: Quantum Bridge
PON Categories
• Three types of PONs
LIDO
– ATM PON (APON)
• Based on ATM
• Advantage is that traditional telco’s have
invested heavily in ATM
– Ethernet PON (EPON)
• Stress cost advantages
– Gigabit PON (GPON)
• Stress significant CAPEX and OPEX savings,
QoS/CoS assurance, and extensible network
103
architecture
PON Characteristics
• APON, EPON and GPON all operate over a
single fiber and use different wavelengths for
transmissions
• Upstream and downstream channels are
shared by multiple users
• APONs
LIDO
– Downstream operates at 155 Mbps or 622 Mbps,
and upstream at 155 Mbps.
– A separate wavelength around 1550nm also can
be used to carry analog video like HFC
104
configurations now used in cable TV.
PON Characteristics
• EPONs
– typically operate symmetrically at 1.25
Gbps .
• GPONs
• operate at approximately 2.5 Gbps
downstream and 1.2 Gbps upstream.
LIDO
105
PON Characteristics
• APON, EPON and GPON characteristics (cont’d)
– Passive optical splitters/combiners are used to
split the power of the optical signal and route it to
multiple customers
– Maximum transmission range of about 12 miles
or 20 km
– Shortage of fiber in access networks
– Bandwidth shared among users, as with cable
modems
LIDO
106
PON Considerations
• Optimizing splitter ratios
– Important to reducing hardware costs and saving labor
time
– Split ratios can range from 2 to 32, and sometimes more
– Additional factors to consider include
• Proximity of homes
• Scalability
• Reliability
• Managing the fear factor
– Minimizing the use of underground vaults
• Control of resource mapping
– Up to 50% of the cost of the project is in on-site labor
LIDO
107
PON Considerations
• PONs significantly reduce the cost of provisioning
fiber to the subscriber.
• PONs are of increasing interest to independent and
local and telcos, MSOs, utilities and municipalities.
• The International marketplace, where traditional
infrastructures are not in place is considered a main
market
• Shared channel and bandwidth limitations may
pose restrictions in terms of long-term usability.
LIDO
108
Powerline Telecommunications
• Powerline telecommunications (PLT), broadband
over powerlines (BPL), or powerline communication
(PLC), has emerged as a darkhorse technology in
the broadband access marketplace.
• The PLT vision is to allow electrical utilities to
provide high-speed Internet, voice, and data
services via power transmission and distribution
lines.
• The concept is not new; PLT made its initial
appearance in the 1920s.
LIDO
109
PLT Today
• PLT today includes
– broadband over powerlines, or BPL, which infers
data rates above 1Mbps
– narrowband over powerlines, which involves
much lower data rates
• The power company can communicate voice and
data by superimposing an analog signal over the
standard 50Hz or 60Hz alternating current (AC).
• In the broadband race, high-speed data
transmission has been developed using the lowervoltage transmission lines used for power
110
LIDO distribution.
PLT Applications
• There are three distinct applications for
powerline communication.
– Outdoor long-haul or broadband access
– Indoor short-haul or home area networking
– Automotive applications, which include
• Mechatronics
• Telematics
• Multimedia
LIDO
111
PLT Architecture Example
Each customer site requires
a PLT modem CPE containing
an appropriate chipset.
Residential
Gateway
Headend injects
signal coming
from the
Backbone.
xDSL, Cable Modem, etc
Powerline
Backbone
A high-speed PLT modem headend
containing a chipset is installed
in MV/LV transformer.
LIDO
MV/LV = Medium Voltage/Low Voltage
Any access
technologies can
use residential
gateway features.
Residential gateways enable several nodes to connect
To a LAN and share the high-speed connection.
Efficient LAN-to-LAN frequency reuse is achieved.
112
BPL – The Big Picture
• The greatest advantage of BPL over DSL or cable
modems is the extensive availability of power
infrastructure.
• The lack of standards for powerline as an access
technology means that there is no standard
provisioning of the service.
• There are also differences in the physical
characteristics of the electricity network.
• And, there is the question about the total bandwidth
BPL can provide as compared to DSL or cable
modems.
LIDO
113
How BPL Works
• BPL makes use of the electric circuit between the
electric substations and home networks.
• PLT modems transmit in the 1.6MHz to 30MHz
electric carrier.
• The asymmetric speed in the modem is usually
from 256Kbps to 2.7Mbps.
• The speed in the repeater is up to 45Mbps, and up
to 256 PLT modems can be connected.
• In the medium-voltage (MV) stations, the speed
from the headends to the Internet is up to 135Mbps.
• Utilities use either optical fiber or wireless links to
114
LIDO connect to the Internet.
How BPL Works
• In the access network, current technology can
deliver speeds of up to 45Mbps.
• In home area networking applications, up to
200Mbps is possible using the HomgPlug AV
standard.
• QoS and CoS capabilities can be implemented by
using PLT technologies, which is a critical feature in
support of real-time and streaming media
applications.
LIDO
115
BPL Developments
• New developments include the use of microwave
frequencies employing new propagation
mechanisms which permit much higher-speed
transmission using a single powerline conductor.
• Trials have also demonstrated that analog TV along
with multiple Wi-Fi channels can operate
simultaneously in the 2.4GHz and 5.3GHz
unlicensed bands over medium-voltage lines.
LIDO
116
BPL Considerations
• More than 80 PLC initiatives in more than 40 countries have
been launched, worldwide, by electric utilities.
• The largest technology dilemma hinges on finding a reliable
way to send data on power lines without causing
interference for either data or electrical signals.
• There are also issues with the number of users it can reach
and the distance over which it can travel while still providing
good-quality data and voice transmission.
• PLT's maximum access speed depends on a shared
connection.
LIDO
117
BPL Considerations
• The interference problem is being addressed by
developments using orthogonal frequency-division
multiplexing (OFDM).
– OFDM divides available spectrum into small paths that
are overlapped and spaced perpendicular to each other.
– While each path has a low data rate, together they offer a
higher rate and more efficient use of the spectrum.
• PLT also suffers from distance limitations
– About two miles with a very low bandwidth or a few
hundred yards offering several Mbps
– However, most premises worldwide are within 300 yards
of an electricity substation.
118
LIDO – Vendors are working on extending the reach.
BPL Architecture
North American Example
BPL in the access network
Medium Voltage
Power Lines
BPL in the residence
BPL
Injector
BPL
Repeater
BPL
Extractor
Distribution
Transformer
Serves
1-10 homes
Outlet
BPL Modem
Internet or
Data Network
LIDO
119
BPL Standards Efforts
• There was no global technology standard for the
use of PLT as a broadband access line in place until
early 2006.
• The Open PLC European Research Alliance
(OPERA), a European initiative to develop BPL
technologies and specifications, has been busy
working on developing such standards.
• In February 2006, OPERA announced the approval
of the first open global specification for PLC access,
also known as BPL.
LIDO
120
BPL Future
• With more than 3 billion users worldwide
– the penetration of the electricity networks is
almost ubiquitous
– bringing access to a global communications
infrastructure within reach of all
– without the need for heavy infrastructure costs
• However, DSL, cable modems, and now fiber
alternatives like PONs, have already made a
significant headway, while PLT technology is
still experimental.
LIDO
121
Broadband Wireless Access Options
• Wireless broadband access provides the
opportunity to make use of many new technologies
–
–
–
–
–
wireless local area networks (WLANs)
wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs)
Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)
Free Space Optics
Virtual Fiber (VF)
• Wireless systems increasingly offer more options,
each of which promises
– greater speeds
– supports QoS
LIDO – operates over a wider range of footprints.
122
Broadband Wireless Access Options
• Going forward, more than half of the new fixed
phone lines installed worldwide each year will be
wireless
• The cost of a radio link has been halving every
seven years, while its data capacity has been
doubling every three years.
• For wireless links, construction and equipment
costs have a ratio of roughly 20:80, whereas for a
terrestrial optical-fiber link the ratio would be 90:10.
LIDO
123
Broadband Wireless Access Options
• Wireless systems often operate in a point-tomultipoint mode
• Since the air is a shared medium, like cable, the
maximum transmission rate that can be provided to
any one client decreases as more clients are
served.
• Clients who need the greatest bit-rate obtainable
from a system (like an ISP for example) may find it
advisable to arrange for a point-to-point system.
LIDO
124
Wi-Fi in the Local Loop
• The IEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies offer a
potential WLL solution.
• "Wi-Fi" is a trade term promulgated by the
Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
(WECA).
• Products certified as Wi-Fi by WECA are
interoperable with each other even if they are
from different manufacturers.
LIDO
125
Wi-Fi in the Local Loop
• Wireless networks are on the rise. Many of these
have been set up by grassroots groups that want to
get on the Net by sharing local connections.
• The attitude is putting the grassroots networks on a
collision course with cable companies and telecom
carriers.
• These new community wireless networks are based
on Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) technology.
LIDO
126
Wi-Fi in the Local Loop
• Wi-Fi allows users to plug a single high-speed
Internet connection like a cable modem into a
wireless base station and share it with scores of
people in a building, park, or small neighborhood.
• Anyone can snap an antenna into a laptop and tap
into many of these unsecured mini-networks for
free, without permission.
– Some entrepreneurs may charge their neighbors from
US$20 to US$75 per month, others may offer it for free.
LIDO
127
802.11x Standards
Wireless
LAN
System
Capacity
per
channel
Theoretical
Capacity
per
channel
Real
Band/
Range
Technology
802.11b
11 Mbps
5.5 Mbps
DSSS
802.11a
54 Mbps
27 Mbps
802.11g
54 Mbps
27 Mbps
2.4 GHz
100 m
5 GHz
50 m
2.4 GHz
100 m
LIDO
OFDM
OFDM
128
Wi-Fi Considerations
• Key advantage is that Wi-Fi technologies use
unlicensed spectrum
• Main disadvantage is that WLANs offer lower data
rates and are subject to interference from other
WLANs as well as a growing number of devices that
also use that unlicensed spectrum.
• The only way to guarantee bandwidth is to use
licensed spectrum.
LIDO
129
Wi-Fi Considerations
• Even though Wi-Fi is extremely cost-effective
to deploy and is extremely popular in today’s
world, there are some issues that need to be
recognized and dealt with.
– Limited range of service
– Lack of Quality of Service
– Lack of Security
LIDO
130
WiMAX in the Local Loop
• Another solution for broadband wireless local loop
involves the IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless
Access Standards, commonly referred to as WiMAX
(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)
• WiMax is designed from ground up to provide
wireless last-mile broadband access in the
metropolitan area network (or MAN).
• By providing a standards-based, cost-effective, and
flexible technology, IEEE 802.16 can fill the existing
gaps in broadband coverage and create new forms
of wireless broadband services.
LIDO
131
WiMAX Standards
• IEEE 802.16 first issued standards for the PHY and
MAC layers of systems in the 10-66 GHz bands.
– Requires line-of-sight to the base station.
• IEEE 802.16a and 802.16 REVd supports operation
in the 2GHz–11GHz bands, utilizing OFDM to
mitigate the impairments fading and multipath.
– Supports fixed and nomadic access in line-of-sight and
non-line-of-sight environments.
• The IEEE 802.16e standard, called Mobile WiMax,
calls for operation on frequencies below 6GHz,
does not require line-of-sight, and introduces
132
LIDO mobility.
WiMAX Advantages
• The main advantages of WiMax include
–the ability to provision services quickly
–the avoidance of costly installations
–the ability to overcome the physical
limitations associated with wired
infrastructures.
LIDO
133
WiMAX Applications
• Phase 1 – Fixed location private line and/or hot spot
backhaul
– Involves dedicated facilities using outdoor antennas,
supporting up to 100 Mbps
• Phase 2 – Broadband wireless access
– The first mass market application for WiMAX is intended
to be wireless DSL.
• Phase 3 – Nomadic or Mobile applications
– New developments, such as 802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) are
designed to also support moving users, traveling at
speeds up to 75 mph.
LIDO
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Broadband Satellite Internet Access
Downstream rates
up to 2 Mbps
Upstream rates
up to 1 Mbps
Teleworker
LIDO
The satellite serves as a high-speed
digital link between a customer’s
location and the Internet backbone.
Enterprise
Internet
Web
Site
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Broadband Satellite Internet Access
Satellite
512 Kbps – 2Mbps
Downstream
Teleport
Internet Backbone
LIDO
128 Kbps
– 1Mbps
Upstream
Satellite
Hub
NOC
Customer Location
VSAT Dish
Satellite Modem
& Router
Networked
Workstations
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Satellite Considerations
• A major consideration in using satellites for
Internet access is the latency.
– Round-trip latency off satellite can be 700-900
msec.
– This means time sensitive applications, like
voice, multimedia and interactive gaming will
suffer in performance.
LIDO
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Free Space Lasers
• Also known as Free Space Optics
• Uses low-powered infrared lasers
• Two categories
– Point-to-point products used to provide highspeed connection between two buildings
– Multiple high-speed connections through the air
at much shorter distances, either in a point-tomultipoint or meshed architecture.
LIDO
138
Free Space Optics
INTERNET PoP
WAN Gateway
Customers
HUB
HUB
Fiber
HUB
Customers
HUB
Customers
Customers
LIDO
Fiberless Optical
Backhaul Link
Fiberless Optical
Customer Link
In-building Fiber
Underground Fiber
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Free Space Lasers
• Key issues
– Weather
• Biggest issue is fog
– Moving buildings
• Need autotracking mechanisms
– Flying objects
• Meshed architecture more reliable
– Safety precautions
• Less power than laser pointers
LIDO
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Virtual Fiber (VF) Characteristics
• One of the newer broadband wireless solutions to
the “first mile” problem of delivering high-speed
access to the end user.
• The use of VF is based on Millimeter Wave (MMW)
technology to deliver line-of-sight broadband
• MMW is often used in wireless local loops (WLL)
• Usually covers the range between 10GHz-300 GHz
• The limiting factor for MMW is heavy rain, but the
signal loss is much less than for FSO in fog.
LIDO
141
VF Technology
WiMax
Point-to-Point
WiMax
Backhaul
POP
Or
Fiber Hotel
Wi-Fi
Backhaul
Access Points
WiMax
Point-to-Multipoint
LIDO
Wi-Fi Hotspots
Cell Tower
Backhaul
Mobiles,
PDAs,
etc
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VF Applications
• VF technology is deployed as point-to-point
links, using ultra-high radio frequencies.
• VF supports multi-Gbps transmission of data,
voice, and video, as well as streaming HDTV.
• VF technology can support implementation of
triple-play and quadruple-play services.
LIDO
143
VF Applications
• Additional applications of VF, including
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
fiber (backbone) POP access
network diversity (providing redundant access)
enterprise campus connectivity
LAN extension
local loop
MANs
WAN access
local exchange bypass
storage access (including storage area networks [SANs]
and network attached storage [NAS])
– wireless backhaul (3G, 4G, WiMax, and Wi-Fi)
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LIDO – high-definition video
Virtual Fiber (VF)
• Current VF products support duplex rates of at least
1.5 Gbps with promised future enhancements
reaching 10 Gbps.
• Reliable distances, with nearly 0% loss, are short,
only 1.5-2 km. This means many pairs of radios are
needed even for moderate distances.
• Effective reach can be extended to 3 miles (5km),
pending availability requirements; reliability at the
longer distance is only 99.9%.
LIDO
145
VF Benefits
• The key benefits associated with VF
include
–reduced costs
–reduced risk
–reduced time-to-market
LIDO
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Virtual Fiber (VF) Considerations
• Millimeter wave systems have some other
undesirable propagation characteristics:
– Free space loss increases with the square of the
frequency; losses are much higher in millimeter
wave range
– Above 10 GHz, attenuation due to rainfall and
atmospheric or gaseous absorption are large
– Multipath losses can be quite high
– Security is an important consideration.
– VF is not currently standards-based, so users
should evaluate claims of interoperability
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LIDO
carefully.
HAN Drivers
• Smart things need to communicate in order to
realize their true value.
• Smart devices need channels over which to
communicate, so the more smart things you have,
the greater the likelihood you need a home area
network HAN).
• The emergence of intelligent appliances also opens
up an entirely new level of market involvement.
• A smart appliance acts as a vehicle for stimulating
interest in activities that benefit from using the
appliance.
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LIDO
The Last 100 Meters
• Traditionally, broadband deployments have focused
on core networks and on the last mile.
• The HAN brings the broadband access solution
closer to completion.
• We can expect to see the global market for home
networking equipment rise substantially.
• Connectivity products will offer additional voice
management, home monitoring, and new
entertainment services.
• The home network is now considered part of the
service provider network.
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LIDO
HAN Environment
• Home networking is substantially different from
enterprise networking.
• Home users will need a residential gateway to
access their broadband connection and allow it to
be shared among multiple devices.
• Home users also want additional services, such as
VoIP, support for interactive multiplayer games, and
streaming entertainment media.
• The most common choices for HAN media are
generally phone lines, powerlines, and wireless
technologies.
LIDO
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Home Networking Elements
Fiber
Power Line
Broadband Services
Network
Gateway
Lighting
Control
Wireless
Phone Lines
Cat. 5E
xDSL, cable, fiber etc
Connection Center
(Includes
Residential Gateway)
Laptop
Home Management
System (Control)
Security
System
Surveillance Camera
PC & Data Network
Thermostats
PDA
Telephones
Wireless Data Network
Boiler Room
Heating
Entertainment
Distribution
Appliances
And Devices
Desktop
Telephone
Microwave Oven
Cat. 5E = Category 5E Twisted Pairs
PDA = Personal Digital Assistant
LIDO
TV
Stereo System
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HAN Categories
• Several different technologies can be applied in
HANs.
• The home network is likely to become a
composition of layered networks, including
–
–
–
–
–
computer networks
control networks
mobility networks
entertainment networks
backbone networks
• The wireless approach has by far the greatest
penetration today, using the popular Wi-Fi standard
152
LIDO for wireless LANs.
The Home Phone Networking Alliance
(HomePNA) represents the use of phone lines
for HANs.
Twisted-pair HAN
HomePNA's main objective is to work toward
establishing and ensuring compatibility with
standards among telecom, computer, and
network products.
HomePNA develops triple-play HAN solutions,
supporting multimedia home networking
services, such as VoIP, data, and SDTV/HDTV,
over existing phone or coax lines.
Multi-pair
Category 5
cabling
Connecting
Block/Hub
RJ-45
Jack
Server
Ethernet Cable
RJ-11
PSTN
LIDO
Network
Interface
Device
RJ-11
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HomePNA Characteristics
• Makes use of different frequencies for the data
streams than for the basic phone traffic.
– Frequencies can be reserved and prioritized.
• The technology
– provides data rates up to 320Mbps
– with guaranteed Quality of Service
– enabling service providers to support
• multimedia services in the home, including broadcast IPTV inhome distribution and networked personal video recorders
(PVRs).
• The most current specification is HomePNA 3.1.
– Standardized by the ITU-T in January 2007, under
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Recommendation G.9954.
LIDO
HomePNA Upgrades
• HomePNA 3.1 upgrades the specification to support
data rates up to a combined 320 Mbps over two
simultaneous channels
• HomePNA 3.1 enables high-speed Internet services
(IPTV, VoIP, and data) over both phone wires and
coaxial cables.
• HomePNA 3.1 provides multi-spectrum operation,
supporting as many as four spectrum bands.
• Multi-spectrum operation also allows multiple
HomePNA networks to coexist on the same wiring.
LIDO
155
Powerline HAN
Controlled Devices
Power
Panel
Smart
Control Device
LIDO
Communication
Devices
156
Powerline HAN Considerations
• The flexibility of a PLT HAN depends on the
availability and placement of the power sources.
• Another important consideration is the topology of
the power distribution to the home.
• Networking signals from your home could show up
on the powerline in any of the other homes served
by the same source, creating privacy and security
concerns similar to those experienced with wireless
networks.
LIDO
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HomePlug Powerline Alliance
• The HomePlug Powerline Alliance certifies products
for HomgPlug compliance so that devices marked
with its certification mark are interoperable.
• There are two versions of HomePlug.
– HomePlug 1.0 enables speed up to 14Mbps.
– HomePlug 2.0, also known as HomePlug AV, promises a
raw data rate of up to 200Mbps, although the practical
throughput is closer to 100Mbps.
– HomePlug 2.0, while compatible with HomePlug 1.0, can
support VoIP and HDTV.
– The alliance is also now working on a HomePlug BPL
standard.
LIDO
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HomePlug
• HomePlug brings back the ability to use Ethernet in
a bus topology through the use of OFDM
modulation.
• HomePlug technology uses OFDM as the basic
transmission technique to deal with the noise
problems inherent in the powerline medium.
• HomePlug also makes use of a combination of
sophisticated forward error correction (FEC),
interleaving, error detection, and automatic repeat
request (ARQ) to ensure that the channel appears
reliable to the network-layer protocols.
LIDO
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Consumer Electronics Powerline
Communication Alliance (CEPCA)
• The main mission of the Consumer Electronics
Powerline Communication Alliance (CEPCA) is to
promote and continuously advance high-speed PLT
technology.
• CEPCA will be working on promoting coexistence in
the United States, Europe, and China and
encouraging PLT deregulation in Japan while also
submitting proposals to the IEEE, ETSI PLT, and
PLC-J (in Japan).
LIDO
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Additional PLT Standards
• The Panasonic HD-PLC Ethernet adaptor supports
up to 190Mbps data speed over a range of 500 feet
(or 150m).
• X10 Ltd.'s standard X10 is a communications
protocol for remote control of electrical devices and
communications over standard household AC
powerline wiring.
• The CEBus home networking standard is for
multiple alternatives, including powerlines.
– The standard defines protocols for how to make products
communicate through powerline wires, low-voltage
twisted pairs, coax, infrared, RF, and fiber.
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LIDO
Wireless HAN
•The key advantage of wireless HANs is
that it provides an untethered solution,
enabling mobility where and when desired.
•The key disadvantages include bandwidth
limitations, multiple standards, and
security concerns.
Wireless
Network
For
Voice & Data
POTS
xDSL
Cable modem
FTTx
Controller
(Digital Voice &
Data Switch)
PSTN
LIDO
Network
Interface
Device
-No Wires
-No Fixed Jacks
-Up to 1500 feet
Operating Range
162
Wireless HAN Characteristics
• Two of the more prominent wireless HAN standards
today include IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth.
• IEEE 802.11, better known as Wi-Fi, originally
supported 1Mbps to 2Mbps, in the 2.4GHz band.
– The IEEE has since published three supplements to the
802.11 standard: 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g.
• The greatest advantage of Wi-Fi is its simplicity.
• The Bluetooth Consortium deals with networks that
operate over very short ranges (about 100 ft.,or
30m), but more and more devices are being created
to work in these ranges.
LIDO
163
Home Control Interface
for PC or Mac
Control Network
Burglar Alarm
Interface
*
Telephone
Remote Controlled
Lamps & Appliances
Command Signals Sent Over
Existing House Wiring
Mini Timer
LIDO
Thermostat
Controller
Lamp Module
Appliance
Module
Video
Wall Switch
Surveillance
Module
Systems
There are three main
standards for home
automation & and
control technologies:
• LonWorks
• X10
• CEBus
164
Wired HANs
• Wired HANs include
– Universal Serial Bus (USB)
– Category 5 or 10BaseT wiring
– IEEE 1394 (or FireWire)
• The benefits of wired HANs are that wired network
standards are reliable and robust.
• The drawbacks of wired networks are that
penetrating the mass market requires a "no new
wires" technology.
LIDO
165
HAN Gateways
• A HAN requires gateways and servers.
• A residential gateway connects a HAN to the
Internet.
• Most residential gateways support broadband
connectivity, the sharing of the Internet connection,
and firewall security.
• The residential gateway will also interact with the
home telephone, entertainment systems, kitchen
and home appliances, and the entire new
generation
of
network-enabled
devices.
166
LIDO
CableLabs CableHome
• CableHome 1.0 (ITU-T J.191) provides the following
key residential gateway features
– Hands-off authentication and provisioning of the
residential gateway;
– Secure remote management and configuration of the
residential gateway;
– Home device visibility and connectivity tests;
– Cable and application-friendly address translation;
– Protection of the cable network from in-home traffic;
– Firewall management and rule-set download; and
– Local name service.
LIDO
167
CableLabs CableHome
• The CableHome 1.1 (ITU-T J.192) specification
includes the following features:
LIDO
– Standardized firewall configuration, reporting, and
baseline functionality;
– Simple parental control;
– Static port forwarding support;
– VPN support in the firewall and address translator;
– Configuration file authentication;
– Prioritized QoS on the home network;
– Device and service discovery for key applications and
services;
– LAN management messaging; and
168
– LAN IP statistics monitoring.
HAN Considerations
• HANs are becoming a fundamental aspect of a
person's residence, and they will become more
functional and important as we go forward into the
realm of interactive and mobile multimedia
lifestyles.
• Points to consider…..
– Who is in control in the smart house?
– Does the house's behavior act consistently with the
image you would like to project?
– Does the house now have a personality of its own?
– What happens when the power goes off?
LIDO – What happens when the house crashes?
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LIDO Telecommunications Essentials®
Broadband Access Alternatives
Lili Goleniewski
The LIDO Organization, Inc.
www. telecomessentials.com
+1-415-457-1800
[email protected]
Skypes ID: lili.goleniewski
Telecom Essentials Learning Center
www.telecomessentials.com
LIDO
Copyright © 2007- The LIDO Organization, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
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