Transcript L10 - GEOCITIES.ws

CMP0394
e-Logistics Systems
Instructor: Timothy Kf Au
Email: [email protected]
URL: http://www.geocities.com/timothykfau/ cmp0394
Chapter 8
Design for e-Logistics: Networking and
Applications to e-Logistics
Design for e-Logistics: Networking and
Applications to e-Logistics
8.
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Local Area Network (LAN) Architecture
LAN Components
LAN Design Considerations
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Automated Data Collection
Barcoding system
Radio Frequency Systems
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Computer Networks
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What is a Network?
[In the context of information technology]
– a network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by
communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other
networks and contain subnetworks.
– local area networks (LAN) – a few km
– metropolitan area networks (MAN) - 10 km
– wide area networks (WAN) - across geographical boundaries
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Computer Networks
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Uses of Computer Networks
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Fax
Email
Online Game
Video Conference
Net Meeting
ICQ
FTP
Telnet
Gopher
WWW
SMS
Newsgroup
MMS
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Computer Networks
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Uses of Computer Networks
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Forum
Instant Message MSN Messenger
Yahoo! Messenger
Internet Phone
Home Entertainment
VOD
e-Business
e-Banking
e-Learning
e-Logistics
e-Marketing
e-Trading
Online Shopping
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Examples of Computer Networks
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The Internet
Novell Netware
X.25
Frame Relay
ATM
Ethernet: 802.3
Wireless LAN: 802.11
Wireless MAN: 802.16
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Examples of Computer Networks
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ITU V.32, V.34
T1, T2, T3, E1
ISDN, SONET
ITU H.323
Broadband
ADSL, xDSL,
Cable Modem,
CDMA, TDMA, FDMA,
GPRS, GSM,
2G, 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G
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Local Area Network (LAN)
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Local Area Networks (LANs) are privately owned
networks;
Within a single building or campus of up to a few km in
size;
Used in connecting PCs and workstations in company
offices and factories to share resources including hardware
(e.g. printer) and software (e.g. application program) or
information;
Usually not provided by public telephone operators and
separated by firewall for security
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Local Area Network (LAN)
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LANs are distinguished from other kinds of
networks by THREE characteristics:
 their size;
 their transmission technology;
 their topology.
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Local Area Network (LAN)
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LANs are restricted in size.
– This means that the worst case transmission time is
bounded and known in advance.
– Knowing this bound makes it possible to use certain
kinds of designs that otherwise would not be possible.
– It also simplifies network management.
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Local Area Network (LAN)
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Transmission technology
– LANs often use a transmission technology consists of a
single cable to which all machines are attached.
– Traditional LANs run speeds of 10Mbps to 100Mbps.
– Have low delay (tens of microseconds), and very few
errors.
– Newer LANs operate at higher speed, Gigabtype
Ethernet (GbE)
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Local Area Network (LAN) Architecture
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There are several common topologies:
– Bus
– Star
– Ring
– Token Ring
– Mesh
– Tree
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Local Area Network (LAN) Architecture
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LAN Topologies
– The way in which the connections are made among all
computers
– Network topology specifically refers to the physical
layout of the network,
– specially the location of the computers and how the
cable run between them
– The topology diagram shown is made up of LAN workstations,
also called nodes. The lines between these nodes represent cables.
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Network Components
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The most common components of a computer
network are:
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Terminal
Workstation
Server
NIC (Network Interface Card)
NTU (Network Terminating Unit)
Communication Media
Network Operating System
Backbone
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Network Components
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Terminal
– In data communications, a terminal is any device that
terminates one end (sender or receiver) of a
communicated signal.
– Types of Terminal
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DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)
DCE (Data Communication Equipment)
"Dumb" Terminal
"Intelligent" terminal
Network computer (NC)
Graphical terminal
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Network Components
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Other Examples of Terminal
– POS Terminal
– ATM Terminal
– AMS/3 Terminal
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Network Components
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Workstation
– A workstation is a computer intended for individual use
that is faster and more capable than a personal computer.
– In today's corporate environments, it simply means
personal computer attached to a local area network
(LAN)
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Network Components
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Server
– In general, a server is a computer program that provides
services to other computer programs in the same or
other computers.
– In the client/server programming model, a server is a
program that awaits and fulfills requests from client
programs in the same or other computers.
– For instance, a Web server is the computer program
usually hosted in a computer that serves requested
HTML pages or files.
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Network Components
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Types of Server
– File Server
– Database Server
– Printer Server
– Disk Server
– LAN Server
– Web Server
– Application Server
– Enterprise Server
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Network Components
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Types of Server
– Terminal Server
– Remote Access Server
– Firewall Server
– DNS Server
– Proxy Server
– Mail Server
– Fax Server
– AAA Server
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Network Components
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NIC
– A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit
board or card that is installed in a computer so that it
can be connected to a network.
– Personal computers and workstations on a local area
network (LAN) typically contain a network interface
card
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Network Components
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NTU
– In a normal configuration for a small using the
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), the carrier
must place a network terminating unit, an NT1 on
customer's premises and connects it to the ISDN
exchange in the carrier exchange.
– For a large corporate, more traffic to be handled
simultaneously. An NT2, called a PBX (Private Branch
eXchange) is connected to NT1.
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Network Components
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Communication Media
– Telecommunications is the transfer of information
across a distance.
– The information, in its native form, can be voice or
other forms of audio, computer data, facsimile or other
forms of image, video or even multimedia.
– There must be a transmitter, or originating device, and
at least one receiver, or destination device. Supporting
the transmission must be some physical medium, with
physical referring to physics and not necessarily to
anything tangible.
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Network Components
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Communication Media
– Guided Transmission Media
Coaxial Cable, Twisted Pair, Shielded twisted pair,
- Shielded twisted pair (STP) and Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
Fiber Optics
– Unguided Transmission Media
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Microwave, Satellite, Radio Wave Frequency Infrared (IRF)
– Transmission Impairments.
Attenuation, Delay Distortion and Noise
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Network Components
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Physical Layer – Guided Transmission media
– Coaxial cable
– UTP (Unshielded Twisted pair)
– STP (Shielded Twisted pair)
– Optical fibre
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Network Components
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Coaxial Cable
– Coaxial cable is the kind of copper cable with one
physical channel that carries the signal surrounded by a
layer of insulation material.
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Network Components
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UTP
– UTP consists of a number of twisted pairs.
– Because economic in price, adequate performance and
easy installation, it is most commonly used today.
– 10Mbps, 100Mbps
Outer Jacket
Copper wire
Insulation
Twisted pair
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Network Components
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STP
– STP includes shields to reduce crosstalk and EMI
(electromagnetic interference)
– Not commonly used except IBM installation
– Relatively low speed 4Mbps, 16Mbps
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Network Components
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Optical fiber
– Optical fiber (or "fiber optic") refers to the medium and the
technology associated with the transmission of information as light
pulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber.
– Optical fiber carries much more information than conventional
copper wire and is in general not subject to electromagnetic
interference and the need to retransmit signals.
– Most telephone company long-distance lines are now of optical
fiber.
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Network Components
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Physical Layer – Unguided Transmission media
has no physical link between sender and receiver
– Microwave
– Satellite
– Radio Wave Frequency (RF)
– Infrared (IRF)
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Network Components
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Microwave
– Waves travel in straight lines at above 100MHz and
therefore be narrowly focused.
– Transmitting and receiving antenna must be aligned
very accurately
– Since microwaves travel in straight line, if the towers
are too far apart, farther travels are stopped by the
curvature of the earth
– The higher the towers are, the farther distance they can
be; low hills and tall buildings block transmission
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Network Components
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Line of sight
– Because waves travel in straight line, receiver’s antenna
may not "see" another because of the earth's curvature.
– propagating of microwave does not follow the earth's
surface. Line of sight communication has the
transmitter and receiver antennas in visual contact with
each other.
– This directing of our sight in a specific direction is
sometimes referred to as the line of sight.
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Network Components
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Microwave
– Since microware signal is unidirectional
– Two frequencies are needed: transmit and receive.
– Each frequency needs a transmitter and receiver.
– Today, they are combined into a single equipment
transceiver which allows single antenna to serve both
frequencies
– Terrestrial microwave is used when cabling is costly
and difficult to set
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Network Components
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Satellite
– Similar to terrestrial microwave
– Signals must travel in straight lines
– A communication satellite can be thought of a large
microwave repeater in the sky
– Limitation of the curvature of the earth is reduced
– Provide transmission capability to and from any
location on the earth no matter how remote
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Network Components
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Radio Wave Frequency
– Can travel long distances and penetrate buildings
– Widely used in communications both indoor and
outdoor
– Radio waves are omni directional – they travel in all
directions from the source; such that the transmitter do have need
to be align physically with the receiver
– Due to the ability of RF to travel long distance, governments license users
of radio transmitters - FCC regulation (OFTA in Hong )
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Network Components
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Infrared
– LEDs (Light emitting diode) transmit signals and photodiodes
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receive the signal
Transmission media is Infrared light
Often used by the remote control in VCD, CD, DVD players
Because high frequency range, IRF have good throughput
Cannot penetrate wall and solid object; and strongly diluted in
strong sunlight
Directional, cheap, easy to install
Suitable for indoor wireless LAN
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Network Components
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Cellular communication
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Paging Systems
Cordless Phones
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
TACS (Total Access Communication System).
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
– GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communications)
900MHz, 1800Mhz
– PCS (Personal Communications Services)
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Network Components
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2.5G
– GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)
3G
– UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service)
– EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment)
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4G
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Network Components
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Network Operating System
– A network operating system (NOS) is a computer
operating system that is designed primarily to support
workstation, personal computer, and, in some instances,
older terminal that are connected on a local area
network (LAN).
– Artisoft's LANtastic, Banyan VINES, Novell's NetWare,
and Microsoft's LAN Manager are examples of network
operating systems.
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Network Components
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Backbone
– A backbone is a larger transmission line that carries
data gathered from smaller lines that interconnect with
it.
– At the local level, a backbone is a line or set of lines
that local area networks connect to for a wide area
network.
– On the Internet or other wide area network, a backbone
is a set of paths that local or regional networks connect
to for long-distance interconnection.
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LAN Design Considerations
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Dedicated or nondedicated server
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Non-dedicated Server – A computer that runs standard programs and lets other users to see its
data at the same time, can clever enough to set up small LAN without any extra system.
Dedicated Server – A computer specially assigned for network management and provides no
general purpose services.
Sharing of resources
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Sharing of resources including computing power, software, input and output units
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Sharing of information
 Cost installation and maintenance
 Administration staff and skills
 Vulnerable to security threats
 Data Privacy
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Virtual LAN (VLAN)
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Virtual LAN (VLAN)
– A virtual (or logical) LAN is a local area network with
a definition that maps workstations on some other basis
than geographic location.
– The virtual LAN controller can change or add
workstations and manage load balancing and bandwidth
allocation more easily than with a physical picture of
the LAN.
– Network management software keeps track of relating
the virtual picture of the local area network with the
actual physical picture.
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Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
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Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) are basically bigger
than LAN and normally use similar technology.
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It may cover a group of nearby corporate offices or a city
and might be either private or public.
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A MAN can support both data and voice, and might also be
cable television (CATV) network.
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It may be a means of connecting a number of LANs into a
larger network so that resources maybe shared LAN-toLAN and device-to-device.
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A MAN may be operated by private or public company.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
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A wide area network (WAN) spans a large geographical
area, often a country or continent.
 It contains a collection of machines intended for running
user applications.
 Long distance transmission of data, voice, image and video
information.
 In contrast to LANs, WANs may utilize public, leased or
private communication devices, usually in communications
and can therefore span over an unlimited number of miles.
 A WAN that is wholly owned and used by a single
company is often referred to as an Enterprise Network.
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Internetworking
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[Network Layer] Up to now, we have implicitly assumed
there is a single homogenous network,
With each machine using the same protocol in each layer.
Unfortunately, this is too optimistic. Many different types
of networks exist including LANs, MANs and WANs.
Numerous protocols are in widespread use in every layer.
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Internetworking
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Many networks exist in the world, different hardware and
software.
 people connected to different networks want to
communicate with each other.
 incompatible networks connected and operable together
usually by a machine called gateway.
 The work of the gateway is to make the connection and
provide the necessary translation in terms of hardware and
software.
 A collection of interconnected networks often refers to
internetwork or internet.
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The Internet
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Two or more networks are connected together to
form an internet.
 lowercase internet versus Uppercase the Internet
which is the worldwide system of computer
networks .
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The Internet
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It was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the
U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET.
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Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of protocols
called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
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The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often
abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext,
and the HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
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Using the Web, you have access to millions of pages of information. Web
browsing is done with a Web browser, the most popular of which are
Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator
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Networking and Internetworking
Devices
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Networking means connecting two or more
devices for the purpose of sharing data and
resources.
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Networking and Internetworking
Devices
Networking Devices
 Repeater,
 Hub,
 Bridge,
Internetworking Devices
 Router,
 Brouter,
 Switch,
 Gateway,
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Networking and Internetworking
Devices
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Concentrator,
Multiplexer,
Modem
NIC
VPN
Firewall
Storage Devices
DAS
SAN
NAS
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Repeater (中繼器)
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A repeater is a physical device that receives,
amplifies and retransmits signal in both directions.
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As far as software is concerned, a series of cable
segments connected by repeaters is no different
than a single cable.
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5-4-3 rule. Between any two nodes on the network, there
can only be a maximum of five segments, connected
through four repeaters, or concentrators, and only three of
the five segments may contain user connections.
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Hub (集線器)
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A hub is a place of convergence where data arrives
from one or more directions and is forwarded out
in one or more other directions.
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A hub usually includes a switch of some kind.
(And a product that is called a "switch" could
usually be considered a hub as well.)
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The distinction seems to be that the hub is the place where
data comes together and the switch is what determines how
and where data is forwarded from the place where data
comes together.
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Bridge (橋接器)
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(也稱網橋)
A bridge is device used to interconnect multiple LANs that
use the same protocol (e.g. Ethernet or Token Ring) to
form an extended LAN.
It is a Store and-forward device.
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Router (路由器)
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On the Internet, a router is a device or, in some cases,
software in a computer, that determines the next network
point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its
destination.
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Router
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The router is connected to at least two networks
and decides which way to send each information
packet based on its current understanding of the
state of the networks it is connected to.
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A router may create or maintain a routing table of
the available routs and their costs to determine the
best route for a given packet.
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Routing is a function associated with the Network
Layer (layer 3) in the ISO Reference Model.
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Routing Table
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A routing table contains the network
addresses and the addresses of routers that
handle those networks.
 Static Routing
 Dynamic Routing
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Brouter
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A bridging router (brouter) operates as a router and bridge.
It combines the dynamic routing capabilities of an
internetwork router with the features of a bridge to
interconnect different LAN’s.
Operating at the Network and Data Link Layers of the OSI
Reference Model, a brouter can route one or more
protocols, routing some to other subnets, while bridging
the remainder of the protocols.
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Switch (交換器)
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A device that filters and forwards packets between
LAN segments.
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LANs that use switches to join segments are called
switched LANs or, in the case of Ethernet
networks, switched Ethernet LANs.
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Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2)
and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of the
OSI Reference Model and therefore support any
packet protocol.
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Switch
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A switch performs the layer 2 or Data-Link layer
of the OSI Reference Model. That is, it simply
looks at each packet or data unit and determines
from a physical address (the "MAC address")
which device a data unit is intended for and
switches it out toward that device.
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Some newer switches also perform routing
functions (layer 3 or the Network Layer in OSI)
and are sometimes called IP switches.
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Switching Hub
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a special type of hub that forwards packets to the appropriate port
based on the packet's address.
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Conventional hubs simply rebroadcast every packet to every port.
Since switching hubs forward each packet only to the required port,
they provide much better performance.
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Most switching hubs also support load balancing, so that ports are
dynamically reassigned to different LAN segments based on traffic
patterns.
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Gateway (閘)
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A gateway is a network point that acts as an entrance to
another network.
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In enterprises, the gateway is the computer that routes the traffic from a
workstation to the outside network that is serving the Web pages. In homes,
the gateway is the ISP that connects the user to the internet.
 In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a proxy server and a firewall.
The gateway is also associated with both a router, which use headers and
forwarding tables to determine where packets are sent, and a switch, which
provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway.
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Multiplexer
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A communications device that multiplexes (combines) several signals
for transmission over a single medium.
A demultiplexor completes the process by separating multiplexed
signals from a transmission line.
Frequently a multiplexor and demultiplexor are combined into a single
device capable of processing both outgoing and incoming signals.
Also known as mux or multiplexor.
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Concentrator
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A type of multiplexer that combines multiple channels onto a single
transmission medium in such a way that all the individual channels can
be simultaneously active.
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For example, ISPs use concentrators to combine their dial-up modem
connections onto faster T-1 lines that connect to the Internet.

Concentrators are also used in local-area networks (LANs) to combine
transmissions from a cluster of nodes. In this case, the concentrator is
often called a hub or MAU (Media Access Unit).
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Modem (數據機)
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(也稱 調制解調器)
Modem is a short form of modulator-demodulator. A
modem modulates outgoing digital signals from a
computer or other digital device to analog signals for a
conventional copper twisted pair telephone line and
demodulates the incoming analog signal and converts it to
a digital signal for the digital device.
There is one standard interface for connecting external
modems to computers called RS-232. Consequently, any
external modem can be attached to any computer that has
an RS-232 port.
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Broadband modem
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Cable modem
 ADSL modem
 ISDN modem
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Cable modem

The modem we have introduced before are used for
processing analogy signal in public telephone network.
Cable modem is designed for processing signal from
CATV.

A cable modem is a device that enables you to hook up
your PC to a local cable TV line. A cable modem can be
added to or integrated with a set-top box that provides your
TV set with channels for Internet access.
A cable modem has two connections: one to the cable wall
outlet and the other to a PC or to a set-top box for a TV set.
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ADSL
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ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a new technology for
transmitting digital information at a high bandwidth on existing phone
lines to homes and businesses.

ADSL provides continously-available, "always on" connection. ADSL
is asymmetric in that it uses most of the channel to receiving data 1.5M
~ 6M (known as the downstream) to the user and only a small part to
sending data 16K ~ 640K (known as the upstream ) from the user.
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ADSL modem
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ADSL requires a special ADSL modem. Also known as
ATU-R (ADSL Terminal Unit – Remote)
ADSL modem is a hardware unit that is installed in any
computer that uses a telephone company connection with
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) service.
ADSL modem connects to an Ethernet network interface
card (NIC) in the computer and, on the other side, to a
telephone jack in the home or business.
The splitter divides the signal into low frequencies for
voice and high frequencies for data.
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ISDN
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Abbreviation of integrated services digital network, an international
communications standard for sending voice, video, and data over
digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires. ISDN supports data
transfer rates of 64 Kbps (64,000 bits per second).
There are two types of ISDN:
Basic Rate (BRI) ISDN - consists of two 64-Kbps B-channels and one
D-channel for transmitting control information.
Primary Rate ISDN - consists of 23 B-channels and one D-channel
(U.S.) or 30 B-channels and one D-channel (Europe).
The original version of ISDN employs baseband transmission. Another
version, called B-ISDN, uses broadband transmission and is able to
support transmission rates of 1.5 Mbps. B-ISDN requires fiber optic
cables and is not widely available.
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ISDN modem
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ISDN requires special ISDN modem.
ISDN modem is a hardware unit that is installed in any
computer that uses a telephone company connection with
ISDN service.
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NIC (網路卡)
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Interface Card or Adapter Network Interface Card (NIC)

A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board
or card that is installed in a computer so that it can be
connected to a network.

Personal computers and workstations on a local area
network (LAN) typically contain a network interface card
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NIC
Types of NIC connectors
 BNC
(British Naval Connector or Bayonet Nut Connector or
Bayonet Neill Concelman)
 AUI
(Attachment Unit Interface)
 RJ-45 (Registered Jack-45)
 …
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NIC
Other types of interfaces:
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Serial
Parallel
Keyboard, PS2 mouse, monitor
KVM (Keyboard, Video, Mouse) switches
COM (RS-232)
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association)
Firewire (IEE1394)
Fibre Channel
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VPN (虛擬專用網)

A virtual private network (VPN) is a way to use a public
telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to
provide remote offices or individual users with secure
access to their organization's network.

The VPN devices can be either a computer running VPN
software or a special device like a VPN enabled router. It
allows your home computer to be connected to your office
network or can allow two home computers in different
locations to connect to each over the Internet.

VPN Servers was very expensive until recently. Nowadays,
Broadband router includes VPN router functions.
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Firewall (防火牆)

A firewall is a set of related programs that protects
the resources of a private network from users from
other networks.
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Storage Devices
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DASD (Direct Access Storage Device)
 SAN (Storage Area Network)
 NAS (Network-Attached Storage )
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Automated Data Collection

Automated Data Collection
–
–
–
–
–
Screen capture, Video, Audio, Keystroke recording
Measuring System
Handled scanner
Mobile device and Wireless communications
Applications
–
–
–
–
Electronic form
Workflow
Electronic Distribution and Warehouse mangement
Retail Back office and POS
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Barcoding system

Barcoding system
– EAN.UCC Barcode Standards
– Area of Applications
 EAN/UPC Symbology
 ITF-14 Symbology
 UCC/EAN-128 Symbology
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Barcoding system

What are barcodes?
– Barcodes are usually prepared in the production process
at the producer site.
– They are either pre-printed with other information
present in the packaging, or a label is affixed on the
item at the production line.
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Barcoding system

Area of Applications
– Global Trade Item Number(GTIN) for trade items
– Serial Shipping Container Code (SSCC) for logistics
units
– Global Returnable Asset Identifier (GRAI) and
– Global Individual Asset Identifier (GIAI) for returnable
and internal individual assets respectively and
– Global Location Number (GLN) for locations.

The numbers are represented in bar codes to allow automatic data capture at each point
where an item leaves or enter premises (usually warehouse or distribution centers along
the supply chain not the POS.
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Barcoding system





ITF-14 and
EAN/UPC
– EAN-13
– EAN-8
– UPC-A
– UPC-E
UCC/EAN-128,
Reduced Space Symbology (RSS) and
EAN.UCC Composite Symbology (2-Dimension barcode)
standard barcodes endorsed by the EAN.UCC which provide secure system for automatic data
capture, avoid fraud and ambiguous meaning throughout the supply chain.
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Barcoding system

ITF-14
– The use of the ITF-14 (Interleaved Two of Five or I 2 of
5) symbology is intended to be marked on the items
identified in EAN/UCC-14 GTIN structure which does
not have a likelihood to be scanned at the retail
checkouts.
– This symbology is better suited for direct printing onto
corrugated [uneven, grooved, wavy] fibreboard.
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Barcoding system

UCC/EAN Symbology
– EAN/UPC Symbology is marked on the items which are
intended to be scanned at the retail point of sale.
– There are 4 types of barcode format under the umbrella
name of EAN/UPC symbology:




EAN-13 representing GTIN number structure of EAN/UCC-13,
EAN-8 representing
EAN/UCC-8,
UPC-A and UPC-E representing UCC-12 in 12 digits and zerosuppressed format respectively.
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Barcoding system
UCC/EAN Symbology
EAN-13
UPC-A
EAN-8
UCC/EAN-E
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Barcoding system

UCC/EAN-128
– The UCC/EAN-128 symbology is a variant of Code
128 symbology. Its use is exclusively licensed to EAN
International and Uniform Code Council (UCC). It is
not intended to be read on items passing through retail
checkouts. This is the only EAN/UCC endorsed
symbology that allows the encoding Application
Identifier (AI) data which AI provides the techniques to
add supplementary information (such as batch number,
serial number, data, etc) in additional to identification
numbers.
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Barcoding system

UCC/EAN-128 format
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
a light margin
a start character A, B or C
a FNC 1 character
Data (Application Identifier + data field)
a symbol check character
a stop character
a light margin
Reference: http://www.ean-int.org
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AutoID

What is automatic identification?
– Automatic identification, or auto ID for short, is
the broad term given to a host of technologies
that are used to help machines identify objects.
Auto identification is often coupled with
automatic data capture.
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Radio Frequency Systems

What is RFID?
– Radio frequency identification, or RFID, is a generic
term for technologies that use radio waves to
automatically identify people or objects.

There are several methods of identification, but the most
common is to store a serial number that identifies a person or
object, and perhaps other information, on a microchip that is
attached to an antenna (the chip and the antenna together are
called an RFID transponder or an RFID tag).
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Radio Frequency Systems

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a growing
technology that utilizes radio frequencies to identify
product and carry data through the supply chain. RFID is
an essential data carrier that complements the existing
EANUCC standard tool set in significant application areas,
including:
– Asset management for returnable transport items and reusable
containers;
– Logistics processes, including tracking and tracing of items such as
perishables;
– Electronic article control for anti-theft tracking programs.
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RFID and Barcodes

What is the difference between RFID and
barcodes?
– The big difference between the two is bar codes are
line-of-sight technology.
– Radio frequency identification, by contrast, doesn't
require line of sight. RFID tags can be read as long as
they are within range of a reader.

Will RFID replace bar codes?
– It's very unlikely. Bar codes are inexpensive and
effective for certain tasks. RFID and bar codes will
coexist for many years.
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Radio Frequency Systems

RFID Standards
– UCC and EAN have formed AutoID Inc., which will issue
Electronic Product Codes later this year. They have also clarified
their position on RFID standards.

Reference: http://www.rfidjournal.com
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Thank you!
Any Question?
Instructor: Timothy Kf Au
Email: [email protected]
URL: http://www.geocities.com/timothykfau/ cmp0394
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