Transcript Mgt 20600: IT Management

Mgt 20600:
IT Management & Applications
Telecommuncations and Networks
Thursday
September 29, 2005
Reminders
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Reading
– For today
 Fundamentals text, Chapter Four,
Telecommunications chapter
Homework
– Homework Three
 Networks and Telecommunications
 Due this Friday, September 30th
 Will need to use outside resources to answer several
questions
Next week: Exam (covers Overview of MIS, Hardware,
Software)
Exam Review Session: Next Wednesday at 7pm, room to
be announced
Two weeks from now: Databases
Enterprise Application Software
 Software
that benefits an entire
organization
 Enterprise resource planning
(ERP) software: programs that
manage a company’s vital business
operations for an entire multisite,
global organization
Enterprise Software Applications
In an ERP suite, all of these applications would be software
modules that you could buy separately or in combination
ERP Example
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Rowe Furniture
– Implemented SAP ERP modules to become more competitive with cheaper
overseas rivals
– Wanted to cut furniture delivery times to retailers from 45 days to 10 days by
early 2006
– Replacing legacy third-party and homegrown systems that had reached the end
of their useful lives
– SAP applications installed in 2004
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Human resources
Payroll
Production scheduling
– SAP applications Rowe may install in the future
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Supply chain management
Customer relationship management
Customer portal
– Software installation and transition have resulted in
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Lower production levels, backlog of orders, late shipments
Weren’t using the software correctly
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New software changed
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Way 5,500 wooden pieces that are assembled into frames were stored and handled
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Way demand is predicted
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Way inventory is logged
Enterprise Software Example
Supply Chain Example
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i2 Technology Inc.
– One of the largest supply chain software vendors
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Because of globalization i2 customers demanding
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Greater scalability of applications
Better integration with far-flung partners
Centralized accurate data
Ability to respond quickly to changes in demand
i2 response
– Extensive training services
– Agile business platform
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Standardizing suite around Microsoft technology platform
– End-users can access their SCM applications via Windowsbased desktop products, such as Excel
Software Development
 Proprietary
software: unique
program for a specific application,
usually developed and owned by a
single company
 Off-the-shelf software: purchased
software
– Customized package
 Application
Service Provider (ASP)
Software Development
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Do not develop proprietary application software unless
doing so will meet a compelling business need that can
provide a competitive advantage.
BUILD VS. BUY
The basic arguments in the buy-vs.-build debate remain
unchanged.
WHY BUILD?
Avoid painful vendor licensing terms
Gain competitive advantage
Adapt to new technology, such as grid computing
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WHY BUY?
Leverage vendors’ economies of scale
Gain broader integration capabilities
Ensure that code knowledge won’t be lost
Software Development Example
 Hyundai
Information Service North
America LLC
– IT arm of Hyundai Motor America
– Builds own software offshore
– Why?
 More
customization
 Small, unique applications
 No licensing annoyances
– Example: switch from concurrent users to name
seat licensing would have raised cost by $3,300
per user for a purchased application
Application Service Providers
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Software service providers
– Salesforce.com
– Rearden Commerce
– JRG Systems
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Will host
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Customer relationship management (CRM) systems
Travel planning systems
Supply chain management systems
Many more
Advantages
– Quick
– Easy
– Relatively inexpensive
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Disadvantage
– Won’t get 100% of the features you want or would get with a
customized software package
Software Development:
Programming Languages
Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system
of rules for constructing statements
 Allow humans to communicate instructions
to be executed by a computer
 Syntax: a set of rules associated with a
programming language
 Different languages have characteristics
that make them appropriate for particular
types of applications
 Compiled into object code that can be run
by the processor
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Networking and
Telecommunications
 Effective
communications are
essential to organizational success
 Why?
– Business processes are supported by
software that runs over networks
– Must choose right software to support
business, then design the right network
to support the operation of the software
– Processing model will help determine
what kind of network you need
Basic Processing Strategies
 Centralized
processing: all
processing occurs in a single location
or facility
 Decentralized processing:
processing devices are placed at
various remote locations
 Distributed processing: computers
are placed at remote locations but
connected to each other via a
network
Distributed Processing Options
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Terminal-to-host: the application and database
reside on one host computer, and the user
interacts with the application and data using a
“dumb” terminal
Distributed Processing Options
File or Application Server: the
application or database reside on the one
host computer, called the file server
Distributed Processing Options
Client/Server
Client:
End-user’s computer
PC, mobile device, thin client
Server: Mid-range computer
Dedicated to special function such as
database server, print server, web
server, application server
Client and server share in processing task
Example, the World Wide Web
Telecommuncations
– Telecommunications: the electronic
transmission of signals for
communications
– Telecommunications medium:
anything that carries an electronic
signal and interfaces between a sending
device and a receiving device
Telecommunications and
Networks
Elements of a Telecommunications System
Transmission Media
Wired Transmission Media Types
Wired Media Types
Wireless Transmission
Media Types
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Radio Waves
– Bluetooth
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Short distances only
Relatively slow transmission speed
Developed for inter-device communications
– Wi-Fi
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Standard supports up to 54Mbps
Supports longer distances than bluetooth
Infrared
– Signals sent as light waves
– Short distance
– Unobstructed line of sight
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Microwave
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High frequency radio signal
Capable of high-speed transmission
Unobstructed line of sight
Susceptible to interference
Cellular
Networks
 Computer
network: the
communications media, devices, and
software needed to connect two or
more computer systems or devices
 Network nodes: the computers and
devices on the networks
Network Types
 Personal
area network (PAN)
 Local area network (LAN)
 Metropolitan area network (MAN)
 Wide area network (WAN)
 International network
Network Types
A Typical LAN
Network Types
Is the internet
a wide area
network?
A Wide Area Network
Communications Software and
Protocols
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Communications software: software
that provides a number of important
functions in a network, such as error
checking and data security
– Network operating system (NOS)
– Network management software
– Communications protocol: a standard set of
rules that controls a telecommunications
connection
 Example,
TCP/IP protocol that underlies the Internet
The Internet
 Internet:
a collection of
interconnected networks, all freely
exchanging information
 ARPANET
– The ancestor of the Internet
– A project started by the U.S.
Department of Defense (DoD) in 1969
How the Internet Works
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Data is passed in chunks called packets
– Internet Protocol (IP): communications
standard that enables traffic to be routed from
one network to another as needed
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
widely used transport-layer protocol that is
used in combination with IP by most Internet
applications
– Uniform Resource Locator (URL): an
assigned address on the Internet for each
computer
How the Internet Works
Routing Messages over the Internet
Accessing the Internet
Several Ways to Access the Internet
Internet Service Providers
 Internet
service provider (ISP):
any company that provides
individuals or organizations with
access to the Internet
– Most charge a monthly fee
– Many ISPs and online services offer
broadband Internet access through
digital subscriber lines (DSLs), cable, or
satellite transmission
Applications that run over the
Internet
World Wide Web
 Instant Messaging
 Email
 File Transfer Protocol
 Telnet
 All of these are
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– Software applications
– Designed for the internet
– All assume your computer understands TCP/IP
The World Wide Web
 Hypertext
Transfer Protocol
(HTTP): Protocol that web servers
and browsers use to send requests
and information
 Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML): the standard page
description language for Web pages
Intranets and Extranets
 Intranet
– Internal corporate network built using
Internet and World Wide Web standards
and products
– Used by employees to gain access to
corporate information
– Slashes the need for paper
Intranets and Extranets
 Extranet
– A network based on Web technologies
that links selected resources of a
company’s intranet with its customers,
suppliers, or other business partners
 Virtual
private network (VPN): a
secure connection between two
points across the Internet
– Intranets and extranets often run over
VPN’s
Internet Issues
 Privacy
– Spyware: hidden files and information
trackers that install themselves secretly
when you visit some Internet sites
– Cookie: a text file that an Internet
company can place on the hard disk of a
computer system
Net Issues
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Security
– Cryptography: converting a message into a
secret code and changing the encoded
message back to regular text
– Digital signature: encryption technique used
to verify the identity of a message sender for
processing online financial transactions
– Firewall: a device that sits between an
internal network and the Internet, limiting
access into and out of a network based on
access policies
Net Issues