Transcript Chapter 21 Power Point

CHAPTER 21: CIVIL
RIGHTS
IN THE NAME OF LOVE
TAKING ON SEGREGATION: SECTION
ONE
THE SEGRAGATION
SYSTEM
• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson*
• Jim Crow Laws—
separate schools, street
cars, waiting rooms,
railroad coaches,
elevators, drinking
fountains, witness
stands, and restrooms
• Southern African
Americans move to the
North*
TAKING ON SEGREGATION
CHALLENGING
SEGREGATION IN
COURT
• To desegregate, the
NAACP leads the
way
• Major challenge:
the separation of
schools
• Thurgood Marshall*
TAKING ON SEGREGATION
• Brown vs. Board of Education*
• “Separate but equal” is illegal
REACTION TO THE BROWN DECISION
• Within a year, more than 500 schools have to
desegregate
• KKK reappears and White Citizens Councils boycott
businesses
• 1955 ruling (Brown II)*
TAKING ON SEGREGATION
• “Little Rock Nine”*
• Eisenhower puts
National guard under
control and sends
paratroopers to help
students attend class
• Still harassed
• End of year—school is
shut down by
Governor
TAKING ON SEGREGATION
THE MONTGOMERY
BUS BOYCOTT
• December 1st,
1955—Rosa Parks*
takes a stand
• Parks is arrested—
boycott of buses
suggested
• Martin Luther King
Jr.*
TAKING ON SEGREGATION
• For 381 days, citizen refused to ride the busses—car
pools and walking instead
• 1956—Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation
MARTIN LUTHER KING AND THE SCLC
• King calls his nonviolent resistance “soul force”—
influenced by the Bible, Thoreau, Randolph, and
Ghandi
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)*
• Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC)*
THE MOVEMENT SPREADS
THE MOVEMENT SPREADS
• CORE stages the first sitin*
• Store managers called
the police, raised the
price of food, and
removed counter seats
• Students endured
arrests, beatings,
suspensions from
college, tear gas, and
fire hoses
THE TRIUMPHS OF A CRUSADE:
SECTION TWO
RIDING FOR FREEDOM
• CORE and SNCC wants
to test Supreme Court
decision to ban
segregation on
interstate bus seating
and terminals
• Freedom riders*
• Violence occurs with
fire bombs and
beatings
• Papers expose
violence
THE TRIUMPHS OF A CRUSADE
STANDING FIRM
• James Meredith*
• Gov. Ross Barnett
refuses to let him
register
• Federal marshals escort
him to registration
• Gov. inspires a riot—
two deaths, 200 arrests,
and 15 hours to put
down
• Fed. officials go with
him to class
THE TRIUMPHS OF A CRUSADE
• Birmingham, Alabama
known for segregation
and racial violence
• King plans to
desegregate the city
with demonstrations—
arrested
• Used children to test
conscience of the city
• May 2nd and May 3rd
occurrences*
• TV cameras capture all
THE TRIUMPHS OF A CRUSADE
• Kennedy orders Gov. George Wallace to
desegregate Univ. of Alabama and a civil rights bill
MARCHING TO WASHINGTON
• March to Washington proposed for the following
reason*
• August 28, 1963—250,000 march to Washington
D.C.; 75,000 are white
• Speakers present at Lincoln Memorial—including Dr.
King (“I Have a Dream”)
TRIUMPHS OF A CRUSADE
• Johnson pledges to get Kennedy’s work passed
Civil Rights Act of 1964*
FIGHTING FOR VOTING RIGHTS
• Freedom Summer*
• College students were trained in nonviolent
resistance
• Resulted in racial beatings, murders, and burnings of
businesses, homes, and churches
• Voting Rights Act of 1965*
CHALLENGES AND CHANGES IN THE
MOVEMENT: SECTION THREE
AFRICAN AMERICANS SEEK GREATER EQUALITY
• Attention for the movement goes from the South to
the North
• De facto and de jure segregation*
• “White flight” happens during WWII with African
Americans migrating North*
• Move to suburbs causes decaying city slums,
deteriorated neighborhoods, and high unemploy.
• Terrible treatment by white police
• Dr. King and Chicago
CHALLENGES AND CHANGES IN THE
MOVEMENT
• Over 100 race riots
take place in cities
(LA, Detroit, NY) over
lack of opportunity
with jobs, housing,
and education
NEW LEADERS VOICE
DISCONTENT
• Malcolm X*
• Nation of Islam*
CHALLENGES AND CHANGES IN THE
MOVEMENT
• Preached that whites were the cause of the black
condition
• Should create separate societies; advocates selfdefense
• Splits with Nation of Islam—fears trouble
• Visits holy city of Mecca and views change*
• Assassinated at age of 39
CHALLENGES AND CHANGES IN THE
MOVEMENT
• SNCC and CORE
become more
militant—due to
disappointment of
the ineffectiveness of
the nonviolent
mvmnt.
• Black Power*
• Dr. King did not like
the phrase because
he believed it would
antagonize whites
CHALLENGES AND CHANGES TO THE
MOVEMENT
• SNCC stops recruiting whites
• Black Panthers*
• Believed they should be exempt from military
service because of an unfair number serving in
Vietnam
• Black Panther attire*
• Had shootouts with the police; FBI investigations
• Helped ghettos with daycare centers, free
breakfast programs, free medical clinics, and
assistance to the homeless
CHALLENGES AND CHANGES IN THE
MOVEMENT
1968—A TURNING POINT
• Dr. King objected to
the Black Power
movement*
• James Earl Ray
assassinates King on
April 4, 1968
• Robert Kennedy’s
response to King’s
death
• Riots in over 100 cities*
CHALLENGES AND CHANGES TO THE
MOVEMENT
• June 1968—Robert Kennedy assassinated
LEGACY OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
• Kerner Commission*
• Civil Rights Act of 1968*
• Movement ends de jure segregation
• Est. pride in racial identities
• More African Americans are registered to vote;
leads to more officials being elected
• Numbers increase of those who finish high school
and college