Transcript Yves Loerincik

Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Impact and effects of ICT systems:
approaches and results
Budapest, 2003
Yves Loerincik, Sangwon Suh, Christophe Matas, Olivier
Jolliet, Jean-Marc Revaz
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
ICT systems
ICT systems: Internet, computer networks, monitoring
systems etc….
- Complexity of the equipment
- Influence of services
- Impact or benefits of the system and indirect effects
- Hidden impacts
Approaches:
Process, Input-Output and hybrid LCA
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Challenges
- To point out where are the main impacts in order to be as
efficient as possible in reducing them;
- To understand the impacts and the benefits linked to the
use of ICT systems and the indirect effects;
 Reducing the impacts and promoting the benefits
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
The case study of the
Swiss Federal
Institute of
Technology (EPFL)
Internet infrastructure
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Step 1: Inventory of the necessary equipment for
the Internet infrastructure at the EPFL
The functional unit = Internet infrastructure during one year
Equipment
server
switches
router
PC
notebook
printer
cable
Number
68
90
22
6745
355
400
121225 meter
Corresponding annual costs
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
3.5
3
5
2.5
Use
Production
1.5
1
0.5
e
ca
bl
te
r
in
pr
ro
ut
er
h
sw
itc
er
se
rv
no
te
bo
ok
re
en
sc
u
0
cp
Annual cost [M$]
2
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Non-renewable embodied primary energy,
comparison between use and production phase
(absolute value)
8.00E+06
7.00E+06
5.00E+06
use
4.00E+06
production
3.00E+06
2.00E+06
1.00E+06
pa
pe
r
ca
bl
e
pr
in
te
r
ro
ut
er
itc
h
sw
se
rv
er
no
te
bo
ok
sc
re
en
0.00E+00
co
nt
ro
lu
ni
t
Energy [MJ]
6.00E+06
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Comparison between Input-Output and process LCA
8.00E+07
7.00E+07
6.00E+07
paper
cable
printer
notebook
screen
router
switch
cpu
server
Energy [MJ]
5.00E+07
4.00E+07
3.00E+07
2.00E+07
1.00E+07
0.00E+00
IO LCA
Process LCA
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Remarks
1. PCs are dominating (control unit (cpu) + screen)
2. Contribution of the switches and servers are
significant
3. Use phase is in most of the cases dominating
4. The embodied energy during production is
significant
5. IO LCA value is two times the PLCA result
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Comparison of various case study for the nonrenewable primary embodied energy of computers
14000
12000
Energy [MJ]
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
MCC (PLCA)
Miyamoto (PLCA)
Atlantic Consulting
(PLCA)
TU Munich (PLCA)
IO LCA (LCANetbase)
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Different levels of comprehensiveness
Air transportation
Electric services (utilities)
Computer peripheral equipment
Wholesale trade
Semiconductors and related devices
Petroleum refining
Other electronic components
Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.
Relays and industrial controls
Gas production and distribution (utilities)
Automotive rental and leasing, without drivers
Hotels and lodging places
Telephone and telegraph apparatus
Aluminum rolling and drawing
Motors and generators
Blast furnaces and steel mills
Sheet metal work
Electron tubes
Nonferrous wiredrawing and insulating
Fabricated metal products, n.e.c.
Legal services
Paperboard containers and boxes
Motor freight transportation and warehousing
Power, distribution, and specialty transformers
Gaskets, packing, and sealing devices
Metal stampings, n.e.c.
Real estate agents, managers, operators, and lessors
Banking
Eating and drinking places
Management and consulting services, testing and research labs
% to total
upstream
embodied
energy
12%
12%
10%
10%
9%
6%
5%
4%
3%
3%
2%
2%
2%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
cumulative %
12%
24%
34%
43%
53%
59%
64%
68%
71%
74%
76%
78%
80%
81%
83%
84%
85%
85%
86%
87%
87%
88%
89%
89%
90%
91%
91%
92%
92%
93%
Yellow = not normally considered in a PLCA
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Remark
We only took into account the necessary physical
equipment of the Internet infrastructure. But, if we
have a closer look (see next slide), the main
expenses related to a computer network come from
other sectors than equipment (for example
software, maintenance, management, etc…).
If the boundaries are extended
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Total Cost of IT Ownership,
Forrester Consultants, 1997
Training
14%
Software
14%
Management Costs:
Administration
34%
End user downtime
35%
Co-worker time
14%
Application developm’t 14%
Disaster prevention
Disaster recovery
Hardware
26%
Management
46%
5%
12%
h
itc
m
gt
te
le
co
m
so
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ar
e
t ra
ini
ng
ca
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e
pr
int
er
ro
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er
sw
se
rv
er
no
te
bo
ok
re
en
sc
cp
u
Annual Costs [M$]
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Annual Costs, EPFL Internet
7
6
5
4
Use
Production
3
2
1
0
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Considering the other expenses
and using an IO LCA
1.60E+08
1.40E+08
1.20E+08
mgt
training
software
telecom
cable
printer
notebook
screen
router
switch
cpu
server
Energy [MJ]
1.00E+08
8.00E+07
6.00E+07
4.00E+07
2.00E+07
0.00E+00
IO LCA with TCO
IO LCA
TCO = Total Cost of Ownership
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
New approach
1. Start with the EPFL expenses
2. Allocation to Internet (time, value, space,
…)
3. Input-Output LCA  first screening
4. Hybrid analysis  more precisions
Bu
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Cost [$/year]
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
8.00E+05
6.00E+05
4.00E+05
EPFL expenses allocated to the
Internet infrastructure
2.00E+06
hardware
1.80E+06
1.60E+06
1.40E+06
IT-services
1.20E+06
1.00E+06
maintenance
labor
buildings
electricity
2.00E+05
0.00E+00
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
First screening results (IO LCA) for
the CO2 emission for one year
4.00E+06
3.50E+06
CO2 emission [kg/year]
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
Hardware
2.00E+06
Services (maintenance, …)
Electricity
Others
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
The monitoring
system of the city of
Martigny
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
The problematic
- Cities are confronted
with urging problems
related to evolutions and
recent events.
- The major part of the
World’s population is
living in the cities.
- For urban network
managers the challenge is
to run a good working
infrastructure with respect
to the citizen needs.
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
The approach
Urbistic = Urban
management + Systemic
The city is composed by
networks, that are systems,
time and space dependent :
water, gas, sewage, electricity,
district heating or cooling,
cabled TV, telecommunication
(voice, data, image),
transportation and so on.
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Monitoring the flows
Measuring:
the flows within the city;
Understanding:
the interactions and the dynamic behaviour of the whole
urban system ;
Reacting:
Actions aiming at improving these phenomena and
coordinations can be defined only if the first two steps have
been taken.
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Description of the system
Martigny, Switzerland, 15'000 inhabitants.
Using microcomputers and the cabled TV network, the
MAN (metropolitan area network) produces every hour a
total of more than 300 measures of consumption
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Measurements:
- Water;
- Electricity;
- Gas;
- District heating;
Measuring station
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ecosystem management
Benefits
Examples of actions:
- Analysis of the gas and district heating consuming
facilities: a systematic over sizing of the equipment
was detected in 90% of the studied cases;
- Electricity consumption of the heating plant: the
global electrical consumption has decreased in a
significant way;
- Inadequate watering detection, the urban utilities
has defered the investments for a new reservoir and
save more than 300’000 m3 a year;
- dynamic tariffing;
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Comparison: Infrastructure versus
benefits
500'000.00
Water
450'000.00
Distance heating
Reservoir
400'000.00
Heating facility
Cost [$/year]
350'000.00
Working place
Cable network
300'000.00
Electricity
250'000.00
Software
200'000.00
Cable
Captors
150'000.00
Modems
100'000.00
PC cards
PC
50'000.00
Research projects
Infrastructure
Benefits
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Comparison: Infrastructure versus
benefits
7.00E+05
Water
Distance heating
6.00E+05
Reservoir
CO2 emission [kg/year]
Heating facility
5.00E+05
Working place
Cable network
4.00E+05
Electricity
Software
3.00E+05
Cable
Captors
2.00E+05
Modems
PC cards
1.00E+05
PC
Research projects
0.00E+00
Infrastructure
Benefits
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Conclusion
- Input-Output approach enables a rapid screening
- Process and hybrid approach can be used to go more
in details, take into account particularities (for instance
regional characteristics)
- Impact of services can be evaluated
- Impact of indirect effects can be evaluated (provided
that we know what they are)
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
Future work
- To carry on with the hybrid analysis to have more
precise results;
- To better evaluate the impact of service;
- Work together with social scientists to better evaluate
the indirect effects and their corresponding
environmental effect;
- Forecast the environmental effect of future
technologies
Laboratory of
ecosystem management
- 11th SETAC LCA Case Studies Symposium
-2003 European Meeting of the International
Society for Industrial Ecology
-21st Swiss LCA Discussion Forum
« Environmental Assessment in the
Information Society »
3rd – 4th december 2003, Lausanne
http://www.setaceu.org, [email protected]