Transcript file

Unix/Linux
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Contents
Unix file system introduction
Unix Common commands
useful tips sharing
snoop tool / tcpdump
Set env. variables
trouble shooting/diagnose (solaris)
Diff b/w Linux and unix
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Unix system structure

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UNIX File system Hierarchy
/ (root)
bin
sbin
scott
n321
mail
home
etc
alice
bob
public_html
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boot
root
usr
var
bin
sbin
local
bin
man
lib
dev
lib
share
lib
tmp
src
Unix common commands
 Files commands
grep,find,tail,ln,diff,tar/gzip,chmod,chown
 System commands
df,du,ifconfig,netstat,route,mount/umount,sw
ap
 Process commands
ps,top,kill,bg,nohup,crontab
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grep/egrep/fgrep
–display lines that match
 grep [options] regexp [files...]
e.g.
grep '^\.' myfile.txt
grep –i “exception” */*
find . |xargs grep -i “exception" #
ls –al|grep ‘^d’ # List the directory in currect path:
 fgrep --It does not use regular expressions; instead, it does direct
string comparison to find matching lines of text in the input.
 egrep --Search a file for a pattern using full regular expressions
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find--find files matching a type or pattern
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find directory [options] [actions] [...]
e.g.
find . -name hello -print #
find . –mtime +7 –print
# list the files modified 7days ago
find . –size +2000m –print #list the files larger than 2000m
find /tmp –user b123 –print #print the files belong to b123 user
under tmp.
 find . -name "*.php" –exec/ok rm {} \;# find and remove this
php files
or find . –name “*.php” |xargs rm
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tail/ln/diff
 tail --display the last few lines (or parts) of a file.
tail [options] file
e.g
tail –f filename #display last 10 lines
tail –5f filename # display last 5 lines
 ln--link the source_file to the target
ln [options] source target
 diff --compare the two files and display the differences
(text files only)
diff file1 file2
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File Archiving, Compression--Tar/gzip/gunzip
 tar [options] [directory file]
gzip [options] file
gunzip [options] file
 Extract from an archive
gunzip backup.tar.gz
or tar -xvf backup.tar
 Create an archive:
tar -cvf backup.tar /etc
#backup.tar
gzip -q backup.tar
#backup.tar.zip
 tar –tf backup.tar #list the files in archive
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File Permissions
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chmod/chown/chgrp
 chmod --- change file permissions
chmod nnn [argument list] numeric mode
chmod [who]op[perm] [argument list] symbolic mode
chmod u+xrw file
chmod g+x file
chmod o-rw file
chmod 750 file
 chown change the ownership of a file
chown [options] user[:group] file
 chgrp change the group of the file
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df,du
 df --summarize disk block and file usage
df [options] [resource]
Common Options
-l local file systems only
-k report in kilobytes
 du report disk space in use
du [options] [directory or file]
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ps,top,kill, nohup
 ps --Show status of active processes
ps –ef|grep ems
 Kill --terminate a process
kill [-signal] processID
kill –l
#displays the available kill signals
kill -9 processID #kill the processId of process
 Top/topas/prstat --display all running processes
 nohup --Runs a command even if the session is
disconnected or the user logs out
nohup find -name '*' -size +1000k > log.txt
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crontab
 Crontab -- List of files that you want to run on a
regular schedule.
crontab –l ; crontab -e
 All crontab files are maintained in the
/var/spool/cron/crontabs in solaris.
 These first five fields are separated by spaces
and indicate when the command will be executed.
10,20 3 * * 0 /usr/sbin/log/adm
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ifconfig --allows the operating system to setup
network interfaces and allow the user to view
information about the configured network interfaces
 ifconfig eth0 # View the network settings on the first
Ethernet adapter installed in the computer.
 ifconfig –a #display into on all network interfaces on server,
active or inactive.
 ifconfig eth0 down #If eth0 exists would take it down
causing it cannot send or receive any information.
 ifconfig eth0 up #If eth0 exists and in the down state
would return it back to the up state allowing to to send and
receive information.
 ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.102 netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 192.168.1.255 #Assign eth0 with the above
values for IP, netmask and broadcast address.
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netstat -- Shows network status.
 netstat #Displays generic net statistics of the host
you are currently connected to.
 netstat –an #Shows all connections to the server
including the source and destination ips and ports if
you have proper permissions.
 netstat –rn #Displays routing table for all ips bound
to the server.
 netstat -an |grep :80 |wc –l #Display the amount of
active connections on port 80. Removing the pipe
and wc command would display each connection.
 netstat –natp #Display active Internet connections.
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route -- Show / manipulate the IP routing
table
 route –n #Shows routing table for all IPs bound to the
server. (linux)
 route add -net 192.56.76.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
dev eth0 #adds a route to the network 192.56.76.x via
"eth0". The Class C netmask modifier is not really necessary
here because 192.* is a Class C IP address. The word "dev"
can be omitted here.
 route add -net 224.0.0.0 netmask 240.0.0.0 dev
eth0 #This is an obscure one documented so people know
how to do it. This sets all of the class D (multicast) IP routes
to go via eth0". This is the correct normal configuration line
with a multicasting kernel.
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mount/umount,swap
 Mount --- mount a partition
mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0 /cdrom
mount -F pcfs /dev/diskette0 /floppy
mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /tmp/xxx
 umount -- Unmount a partition
umount /cdrom
 swap
mkfile 10G /home/swapfile
/usr/sbin/swap -a /home/swapfile
/usr/sbin/swap –l
/usr/sbin/swap –d /home/swapfile
rm -rf /home/swapfile
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Redirection <, >, >>,|,;
 Pipe | :The output of the first command is sent as
the input to the second command, and so on,
who | more
 ; Grouping commands
%pwd; cal 1 2000; date
 >> append the results of the command to the
existing file.
 > The results of the command will be sent to the
specified file
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Set env. variables
.profile
/etc/profile
/root/.bash_profile
/home/abc/.bash_profile
 Commands set –local variable
env –global variable
 add variables to .profile
MOT_NSM_HOME=/opt/EMS
export MOT_NSM_HOME
 Re-logon, the variable will take effect.
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Other useful commands tips
•
converts Unix text file line to Dos
unix2dos : sed –e ‘s/$/\r/’ file1 > file2
dos2unix : sed –e ‘s/.$//’ file1 > file2



How to remove ^M in the file
# cat test.dat | tr -d '\015' > test.out
or #dos2unix test.dat test.out

watch –n N command(linux) #
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
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init 0 ～6
init 0
init 6

vi filename1 filename2 …
:n
#edit next file
:e#
# edit prev file
:1,$s/ABC/abc/g
#abc to replace ABC in file
shutdown server
restart server
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Snoop(solaris) –xcapturing and
Inspecting Network Packets
 to see what happens when one system uses the ping
command to communicate with another system.
 %snoop sys41 sys42
sys41 -> sys42 ICMP Echo request
sys42 -> sys41 ICMP Echo reply
 Use the -a option to enable audible clicks, which notify you
of any network traffic.
%snoop -a dhcp
 shows how to turn on audible clicks for all network traffic
related to a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
boot.
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Touble shooting/diagnose (1)
 1. How to setup solaris network. We usually meet
the following problem
1.1 how to config the IP,gateway, router,netmask,
both dynamicly and staticly?
Please add a file named S* in /etc/rc2.d/,such as S99router
The content of this file is a command to exec
1.2 how to add multi virtual IP to a single interface?
– #ifconfig bge0:100 plumb
– #ifconfig bge0:100 11.14.33.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
– #ifconfig bge0:100 unplumb
1.3 how to disable certain network interface for
test?
– ifconfig eth0 down
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Touble shooting/diagnose (2)
 2. root user can't telnet on a remote client.
Edit /etc/default/login and comment out
“CONSOLE=/dev/console”
 3. root user can't ftp on a remote client
Edit /etc/ftpd/ftpusers and comment out “root”
 4. how to monitor the performance of the
Solaris/Linux, including MEM,CPU,disk I/O,
network I/O
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Touble shooting/diagnose (3)
 5. Certain Solaris command cannot be used
1) Check disk space to confirm whether there is the
capacity of any filesystem is 100% #df –h
2) Check the permission of some important directories.
The directories must exist and have “x” permission.
/usr, /etc/ssh, /bin, /usr/bin
 6. forget the root passwd
#boot cdrom -s
#mount /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0 /mnt
#cd /mnt/etc
#vi shadow
#umount /mnt
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Touble shooting/diagnose (4)
 7. If we meet system issues, such as the whole
system can't boot. how to sovle? and how
to collect the important saloris info(explorer)
 8. Why some user can't excute command cron and
at to schedule a task?
 9. what's the difference between
halt/reboot/shutdown/init #(# refers to a run level).
what's the right step to reboot a system?
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Touble shooting/diagnose (5)
 10. how to kill a service in solaris 10? (SMF related)
Please use “svcs disable “, not the “kill -9”
 11. how to delete temp file effectively? the following two
commands are useful for programmers to delete certain
files
#find $HOME/. -name *.txt -ok rm {} \
#find . \( -name a.out -o -name '*.o' -o -name 'core' \) exec rm {} \
 12. what's the difference between the two command
"#./set_env" and "#. ./set_env"?
– The parent shell can get the env set by the child shell
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Touble shooting/diagnose (6)
 13. Nov 20 15:25:04 unix /usr/lib/snmp/snmpdx:
[ID 702911 daemon.error] unable to get my IP
address: gethostbyname(unix) failed [h_errno:
host not found(1)]
– Please add the hostname to hosts file
– #nodename
unix
– #vi /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1
localhost
unix loghost
 14. Nov 20 15:36:32 unix ip: [ID 482227
kern.notice] ip_arp_done: init failed
– Don’t use the interface name as the hostname
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Touble shooting/diagnose (7)
15. Nov 20 15:37:21 unix sendmail[318]: [ID
702911 mail.crit] My unqualified host name
(localhost) unknown; sleeping for retry
– You should edit /etc/hosts like this, please note
the FQDN and loghost
192.168.224.251 outer outer.c204.com loghost
– svcs disable /network/smtp:sendmail
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Touble shooting/diagnose (8)
16. When use “crontab -e” to add a cronjob,
we can’t see the content of the cron table
#EDITOR=vi
#export EDITOR
 17. When connect via console, and edit a file with
vi, we can only see part of the file
$ TERM=VT100
$ export TERM
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Diff b/w linux and unix
 Linux –free and open source, just kernel, based on
UNIX standards, runs on many hardware
platforms.
 Unix --compete operating system, commercial
application (if you wanted to buy one) typically
costs much more for a commercial UNIX , a typical
UNIX is proprietary-hardware-bonded.
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System Configuration and System
Storage
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The Linux Proc File System
 The proc file system does not store data, rather, its
contents are computed on demand according to user file
I/O requests
 Proc is organized in virtual directories and subdirectories,
provide hardware information, such as /proc/cpuinfo,
/proc/meminfo, and /proc/interrupts. The files under
/proc/sys are related to kernel configuration parameters.
 The /proc special directory provides full detailed
information about the inner workings of Linux and lets you
fine-tune many aspects of its configuration. If you spend
some time learning all the possibilities of this directory,
you'll be able to get a more perfect Linux box.
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Lunix file system architeture
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Linux versions/study website
 Redhat http://www.redhat.com
 Fedora (cover many features of windows)
http://fedora.redhat.com
 红旗LINUX (China) htt://www.redflag-linux.com
 SUSE Linux http://www.opensuse.org
 Mandrake Linux http://www.mandriva.com
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Thank you
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All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Motorola, Inc. 2005