Transcript Document

The Crusading Era
Background: Battle of Manzikert
• Seljuk Turks
– Kazakhstan: confederation
– Beginning 985: moved into
Persia
– Expanded into Baghdad
– Sunni Muslims
– Rulers referred to as
“sultans”
• 1071: defeated Byzantine
Army
– Byzantine loss of Anatolia
Byzantine vulnerability
• Fragmentation,
weakening of central
control
– Dynatoi
• Appeal to the west:
– 1054 schism with western
church, possible reunion
– Alexius Commenus, 1095:
asked pope for help
First Crusade 1096-1099
• Urban II’s speech
– Miller 34 (also in textbook)
• Peasants’ Crusade
– Peter the Hermit
• Persecution of Jews
(source 5.6)
• Muslim disunity
• July 1099: conquest of
Jerusalem
• Crusader states (map,
Rosenwein 197)
– Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli,
Jerusalem
Second and Third Crusades
• Second Crusade:
– Precipitated by the fall of
Edessa to Zangi
– Preached by Bernard of
Clairvaux
• Miller 35: What does this
source tell us about
Bernard's form of piety?
– Participation of kings
• Louis VII of France and
Conrad III of Germany
– Further massacres of Jews
in Rhineland
• Third Crusade (“Kings’
Crusade”):
– Frederick I Barbarossa,
Philip II Augustus, Richard I
the Lionhearted
– Saladin unified Muslim rule
in Middle East
– 1187 Battle of Hattin:
Saladin retakes Jerusalem
Crusading Documents
• For Source 5.6, how does the poet make sense of
this tragic event in the context of his people's sense
of their relationship with their God?
• For source 5.7, in what ways does the author
portray her father as heroic? How do the Crusaders
come across? What does this document
demonstrate about relations between East and West
at this time?
• 5.8 and 5.9 present opposing views of the same
events. Compare the way the two sources
characterize the conquest of Antioch, and note the
manner in which Ibn al-Athir represents the Franks.
Monastic Reform: Cistercians
•
•
•
•
lay brothers (conversi)
grange
Romanesque
Bernard of Clairvaux and
Peter the Venerable were at
odds with one another in
their understanding of the
monastic life. How do
sources 5.18 and 5.19
present contrasting views
of the Cluniac
monasteries?
Monastic Reform: Cistercians
• Questions and Terms:
– Why did the monastic reform initiative that produced
Cluny become bogged down? Why, in other words, was
there a need for subsequent reforms?
– Why did women fail to benefit from the flowering of
monasticism during this period?
– How did the Cistercians manifest their standard of
austere simplicity in their buildings, vessels, liturgy, and
dress?
– How does Rosenwein characterize Cistercian piety?
Carthusians
• Contemplative order
founded by Bruno of
Cologne
• Individual cells, solitary
prayer
• Combination of eremetic
and cenobitic
monasticism
La Grande Chartreuse