Transcript Internet Protocol - Boston University

Kip Becker, Ph.D
Boston University
[email protected]
HTTP://WWW.BU.EDU/GLOBAL
Productivity in Goods and Services 1960 - 94
Will the internet increase service productivity ?
(Annual Index of output per Person – Hour, 1960=100)
Commercial Goods Sector
Commercial Services Sector
19
60
19
64
19
67
19
69
19
72
19
77
19
80
19
83
19
86
19
90
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
Ratio Scale
IN GROUPS
IS EBUSINESS A BRIDGE
FROM OLD WAY OF
BUSINESS TO NEW OR
JUST ANOTHER TOOL?
 Technology-mediated
exchanges
between parties as well as
electronically-based intra- or interorganizational activities that facilitate
such exchanges
WEBONOMICS
LETS TAKE A LOOK AT
DIFERENT ATTRIBUTES
Understanding E-commerce:
Organizing Themes

Technology: Development and mastery of
digital computing and communications
technology
 Business: New technologies present
businesses and entrepreneurs with new
ways of organizing production and
transacting business
 Society: Intellectual property, individual
privacy, and public policy
Lets Look At 4 Infrastructures
Technology infrastructure: This is both an
enabler and driver of change.The hardware
backbone of computers, routers, servers, fiber
optics, cables, modems, etc. provide half of the
technology equation.The other half includes the
software and communication standards including
the core protocols for the www.
2. Capital Infrastructure: Deals with getting the
money to launch new businesses and finding the
right people to build the business plan and seek
funding sources.
1.
4 Infrastructures
3.
Media infrastructure: The e-commerce managers
must make choices about the types of media
employed(e.g., print, audio , video), the nature of the
media and editorial policy(including style, content,
look and feel).
4.
Public Policy Infrastructure: All the decisions
related to strategy, technology, capital and media are
influenced by laws and regulation, i.e., public policy
decisions. It not only affects specific business but also
direct and indirect competitors.
A BRIEF HISTORY
Internet’s beginnings traced to memos written in 1962
MIT’s Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider outlining the
galactic networking concept
• Great advances made in network technology 1960s
• To connect computers &permit transfer of information
locally, many organizations installed Local Area
Networks. LAN technology limited distance
• To allow computers and networks separated by larger
distance to communicate ARPA (Advanced Research
Projects Agency) developed a Wide Area Network
(WAN) called the ARPANET
•
•
(WHY DO THIS ?)
THE WEB PROGRESSES




1989–1991: Web “invented” - Tim BernersLee at CERN
1993: Marc Andreesen /Others at NCSA
create Mosaic, Web browser with GUI that
runs on Windows, Macintosh, or Unix
1994: Andreessen, Jim Clark found
Netscape; create first commercial Web
browser, Netscape Navigator
August 1995: Microsoft introduces Internet
Explorer, its version of Web browser
Lets take a look at some of the early
players
Communication Formats similar Development WWW
•
•
•
•
Like internet radio began as communication medium
Really the first WWW
Early medium known as wireless telegraphy/ telephony; radio’s
point-to-point wireless messaging ARMY CONTROL
Demand for radio broadcasting surged in 1922 - shifted from a
point-to-point communication tool to broadcast medium
•
•
During 1920s, all 48 states in the US had at least one radio station
By 1925, 27 of the original 48 stations were out of business
•
Revenue sources such as programming subsides from radio-set sales,
radio taxes, generalized goodwill for corporate sponsors and
advertising emerged as new revenue generation models
The pay for service revenue model allowed radio to compete with
telegraph and cut the price of telegraph by 30% FAMILIAR ?
BUT THEN WHAT HAPPENED?
•
•
Radio Stations Opened and Closed, 1921-24
NOT ONLY THE DOT COM’S HAD DIFFICULTIES
100
Stations Opened
Stations Closed
75
50
25
0
21-Sep
22-Feb
22-Jul
22-Dec
23-May
1912 Titanic WW1 US Navy rights to airwaves
1919 RCA - Revenue Model
1922 576 stations - open to all - By 1925?
Source: Hanson, Ward. “The Original WWW: Web Lessons from the Early Days of Radio. 7/15/96.
2
23-Oct
24-Mar
24-Aug
The Web Got Ahead of Itself

BUT first quarter of 2001, online sales only about 1
percent of all retail sales

WHAT ARE SOME REASONE
why Americans weren’t ready to do more Web business:
– Poor service and high prices
– Too much to choose from
– Inconsistent technology
BUT THEN
.. WEB SALES SURGED
The Growth of B2C E-commerce
SOURCES: Based on data from U.S.
Census Bureau, 2007
The Growth of B2B E-commerce
SOURCES: Based on data from U.S.
Census Bureau, 2007
The Growth of Web
Content
SOURCE: Based on data from Google Inc., 2007.
Pure Vs. Partial Electronic Commerce
– THREE DIMENSIONS
 the process [physical / digital]
 the product (service) sold [physical / digital];
 the delivery agent (or intermediary) [physical / digital]
– TRADITIONAL COMMERCE
 all dimensions are physical
– PURE EC
 all dimensions are digital
– PARTIAL EC
 all other possibilities include a mix of digital and
physical dimensions
ORGANIZED CHAOS
NETWORKS TO NETWORKS
THE
ORINTERNET
INFRASTRUCTURE
Who Runs It?
How does it Run?
Types of Interorganizational Systems
– Electronic data interchange (EDI)
over Value Added Networks (VANs)
– Extranets
– Electronic funds transfer (EFT)
– Integrated messaging systems
– Shared databases
– Electronically-supported supply
chain management
EC CONNECTIONS
1. A global networked environment is
known as the Internet
2. A counterpart within organizations, is
called an Intranet
3. An extranet extends intranets so that
they can be accessed by business
partners.
– Is INTERNET and W3 same thing?
What are Characteristics allow shared access of data
1.
Unique identification each computer
network of millions of computers - thousands networks..
Important each computer be uniquely identified
Internet Protocol(IP) address. 198.108.95.145
2.
Human-friendly addressing
Domain Name System(DNS) gave address recognizable letters & words instead
of IP address. bu.edu/GoGlobal
3.
Packet Switching
Remedy delays associated unequally sized data transfers, instead of transferring
files in their entirety, whole files broken into data packets before transferred
over network
4.
Routing
Dedicated, special-purpose computers which serve as an intermediary between
networks. Route packets efficiently through networks and are building blocks
of the internet. Packets used TCP software insures safe delivery of packets
Internet Protocols

Protocols - A set of rules that determine how two computers
communicate with one another over a network
– The protocols embody a series of design principles
 Inter-operable— the system supports computers and software from
different vendors. For e-commerce this means that the customers or businesses
are not required to buy specific systems in order to conduct business.

Layered— the collection of Internet protocols work in layers with each
layer building on the layers at lower levels.

Simple— each of the layers in the architecture provides only a few
functions or operations. This means that application programmers are hidden
from the complexities of the underlying hardware.

End-to-End— the Internet is based on “end-to-end” protocols.
This
means that the interpretation of the data happens at the application layer and
not at the network layers. It’s much like the post office.
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PROTOCOLS
TCP/IP
Solves the global internetworking problem

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– Ensures that 2 computers can communicate with
one another in a reliable fashion

Internet Protocol (IP)
– Formats the packets and assigns addresses
 packets are labeled with the addresses of the sending
and receiving computers
– 1999 version is version 4 (IPv4)

Version 6 (IPv6) has just begun to be adopted
– WILL ALLOW 1 QUADRILLION COMPUTERS TO BE CONNECTED TO
INTERNET!! THIS IS THE HOME “SYSTEM” NETWORK
NETWORK OF NETWORKS
WHAT CONSITITUTES THE NETWORKS?

NSPs
– “BACKBONE” NETWORK SERVICE PROVIDERS\ MCI, PSINET ETC.

NAPs
– NETWORK ACCESS POINTS/ PACIFIC BELL NAP IN
SANFRANCISCO & AMERITEC NAP CHICAGO

ISPs
– INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS
– EXCHANGE DATA NSPs AT NAPs

ROUTERS

MAPS TO INTERNET FOR PACKETS TO FOLLOW/ CISCO MAJOR
PROVIDER OF HIGH SPEED ROUTERS
2001: Jan 30 Egypt lost 70% + ½ western
India's outbound crashed downing
outsourcing industry. 75m from Algeria to
Bangladesh disrupted or cut off. Feb 1 Cable
cut west of Dubai Middle East service again
severly disrupted.
END OF
INFRASTRUCTYREAND
HISTORY 