Transcript Ch2. CALM

CALM
outline
• Overview of the CALM Concept
– What is CALM?
• CALM Service Types
• CALM media
– CALM originate interfaces
– Protocol managed interfaces
– ISO15628 compatible interfaces...
• CALM networking
• - based on IPv6、MIPv6
• CALM management
– CALM / Application Management Entity (CME)
– Network Management Entity (NME)
– Interface Management Entity (IME)
The CALM concept
• The fundamental principles of the CALM concept is predicated
on the principle of making "best" use of the resources
available
CALM overview
• Continuous Air-interface, Long and Medium range
(CALM)
• CALM is being developed by Working Group 16 of
Technical Committee 204 of the ISO
• The CALM concept is therefore developed to provide
a layered solution that enables continuous or quasi
continuous communications
– vehicles to vehicles
– Vehicles to infrastructure
– Infrastructure to infrastructure
• The aim of CALM is to provide wide area
communications to support ITS
applications
– GSM/GPRS、 3G、4G 、satellite、
microwave、millimeter wave、 infrared、
WiMAX and Wi-Fi …
ITS智慧型運輸系統
• (ITS, Intelligent Transportation System)乃是應用先進
的電子，通信，資訊與感測等技術，以整合人，
路，車的管理策略，提供即時(real-time)的資訊而
增進運輸系統的安全，效率及舒適性，同時也減
少交通對環境的衝擊。
• Vehicles
– which can be located, identified, assessed and controlled
using ITS
• Road users
– who employ ITS, for instance, for navigation, travel
information and their monitoring capabilities
• Infrastructure
– for which ITS can provide monitoring, detection, response,
control, road management and administration functions
• Communications networks
– to enable wireless transactions amongst vehicles and
transport users
• CALM specifications/standards are not designing a
physical piece of equipment
• CALM is actually a related set of protocols,
procedures and management processes
CALM working groups
• CALM have eight sub-working groups ,including 16.0,
16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5 and 16.6
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SWG 16.0 Architecture
SWG 16.1 Media
SWG 16.2 Networking
SWG 16.3 Probe Data
SWG 16.4 Application Management
SWG 16.5 Emergency Communications
SWG 16.6 Non-IP Networking
SWG 16.7 Security and Lawful Intercept
General Structure of CALM
CALM Scope
• Three main modes of operation:
– Vehicle-Infrastructure
– Vehicle-Vehicle
– Infrastructure-Infrastructure
• Inter-operability and seamless handover between
networks and applications.
• CALM used IPv6 exclusively. (initial specification)
CALM in a multi-platform,
multimedia environment
CALM safety service
• INFRASTRUCTURE <-> Vehicle CALM enabled Safety
Services
– INFRASTRUCTURE to ON BOARD EQUIPMENT
• Animal Crossing Zone Information - Adaptive Headlight Aiming - Blind Merge
Warning
• Curve Speed Warning - Emergency Vehicle Signal Preemption
• Emergency Vehicle Video Replay
• External Speed Limitation
• GPS Corrections - Highway/Rail Collision Warning - Homeland Security
Identification and Management
• Incident Mapping and Warning
• Infrastructure Intersection Collision Warning - Intelligent On-Ramp Metering
• Intelligent Traffic Lights
• Intersection Collision : Infrastructure-Based Warning
• Intersection Collision : Vehicle-Based Warning
– ON BOARD EQUIPMENT-to-INFRASTRUCTURE
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Automatic Crash Notification
Blind Merge Warning
eCall
Intelligent Traffic Light pre-emption for priority vehicles
Intersection Collision
Probe data
Vehicle-Based Warning
SOS Services
• Vehicle< -> Vehicle CALM enabled Safety Services
• Approaching Emergency Vehicle Warning
• Blind Merge Warning - Blind Spot Warning - Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control
• Cooperative Collision Warning
• Cooperative Glare Reduction - Cooperative Vehicle-Highway Automation System
(Platooning)
• Crash Warning - Curve Speed Warning - Enhanced Differential GPS Corrections Highway Merge Assistant
• Highway/Rail Collision Warning - Hybrid Intersection Collision Warning - Instant
(Problem) Messaging - Intersection Collision – Vehicle-Based Warning
• Lane Change Assistant - Left Turn Assistant - Merge Assistant - Pre-crash Sensing
• Post-Crash Warning
• Right Turn Assistant
• Road Feature Notification - SOS Services
• Stop Sign Movement Assistant - Vehicle-based Road Condition Warning - Vehicle-toVehicle Road Feature Notification
• Vehicle Platooning
• Visibility Enhancer - Wrong-Way Driver Warning
CALM Commercial Services
• INFRASTRUCTURE - Vehicle CALM enabled
Commercial Services
– INFRASTRUCTURE to ON BOARD EQUIPMENT
• Commercial Service Payments
• Commercial Vehicle Operations
• Enhanced Route Guidance and Navigation - GPS Corrections - Just-In-Time Repair
Notification
• Map Downloads and Updates - Optimal Speed Advisory
• Parking Space Identification/Navigation- GPS Corrections - Infotainment
• Intelligent On-Ramp Metering (road management)
• Intelligent Traffic Lights (road management)
• Internet in-vehicle
• Instant Messaging
• Open Road (no barrier) Tolling
• Video Downloads
• Vehicle - Vehicle CALM enabled Commercial
Services
• Cross Vehicle Messaging
• In vehicle Internet - Region Feature Notification
CALM infrastructure
The CALM concept at the highest level of abstraction
The CALM Media
CALM combines complementary media:
 For short and medium distances (directed):
Infrared, MM-Wave
 For short and medium distances:
Microwave 5.8 GHz
 For long distances:
GSM, UMTS
• CALM originated interfaces
– ISO 21214 CALM InfraRed
– ISO 21215 CALM M5
– ISO 21216 CALM Millimeter
CALM originated interfaces
• This class of air interface has been specifically
designed for CALM
• CALM originated interfaces should offer the
highest performance interface at any
particular frequency
• 5Ghz
– 5.8 GHz DSRC (dedicated short range
communications)
– The European Standard has been adopted and is
now used in many countries including Australia,
several countries in Asia and South America .
• Millimeter
– Frequency range : 62-63 GHz
– High directionality
– High data rates
– It can also be used in conjunction with radar
signals at similar frequencies.
• Infra red
– Infra red is already used in tolling systems
– High data rates and a relatively lightweight,
comparatively inexpensive, beacon infrastructure,
with relatively high directionality.
– The Standard supports current and future ITS
applications with data rates from 1Mbit/s to
128Mbit/s
• The CALM-IR medium provides virtually “continuous
communications” even in the presence of
interruptions of the link caused by physical barriers.
• Target domains of infrared are car-to-car
communication and directed communication to
infrastructure facilities such as traffic signals, trafficsigns and information-beacons.
• The link setup-time is usually less than one
millisecond
– important feature in safety-related car-to-car
communication
• Low-power infrared beacons, in combination
with solar panels, also enable also power-line
independent roadside installation.
CLAM-IR application (German)
• German Truck-Tolling-Project
IR application
CALM IR Applications
Curve-Warning
Traffic Information
Physical Transportation and Exchange of
Data via oncoming traffic
Hazard-Warning
Communication Zones for Car-to-Car and Car-to-Infrastructure communication
• Protocol managed interfaces
– ISO 21212 Cellular 2G
– ISO 21213 Cellular 3G
– Mobile Wireless Broadband (MWB)
• HC-SDMA、802.16e (WiMAX) and 802.20
Protocol managed interfaces
• This class of air interface has not been
specifically designed for CALM
• They are deigned for generic wireless
telecommunications session
• These interfaces are adopted as potential
CALM interfaces because they have wide area,
even ubiquitous, coverage.
• Cellular (2G)
– The 2G cellular network is ubiquitous around most
of the word
– Applications tend to relate to non continuous,
emergency systems
– Examples of such systems are emergency buttons
in vehicles that call the emergency services, and
are based on 2G+GPS coordinates.
• Cellular (3G)
– 3G systems offer significantly improved data rates
which are capable of carrying many first
generation ITS services. However, in respect with
more advanced systems, the data-rates will be
inadequate.
• Although the initial introduction of 3G has largely
been on a connection time basis, it is clear that the
cost models are moving to fixed subscription basis, at
least for domestic usage.
• Mobile Wireless Broadband (MWB)
– wireless broadband will become ubiquitous within
urban areas and in areas where wired broadband
installation is difficult or not cost effective.
– Challenge: travelling vehicle will soon move from
one cell to another.  handover
– HC-SDMA, 802.16e (WiMAX) and 802.20
• Satellite
– Satellite communications are unlikely to be a low
cost media, but are provided globally, and
therefore a useful media for CALM to provide
global reach for ITS.
• ISO15628 compatible interfaces
– ISO 15628 DSRC
• Systems compliant to ISO 15628
– ISO 15625 was developed to provide an
application layer for European DSRC at 5.8 GHz.
Services
CALM communication scenarios
CALM Scenarios
CALM networking
• Mobile IPv6
– Allow IPv6 nodes to move from one IP subnet to
another.
• NEMO(Network MObility)
– NEMO is concerned with managing the mobility of
a network.
Mobile IP scope
140.123.113.100
140.123.114.100
Get Care-of Address (CoA)
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
Binding Update
Data Transmission
Corresponded
Node (CN)
Foreign
Agent (FA)
Home Agent
(HA)
Mobile Node
(MN)
Home
Network
Foreign
Network
NEMO
• Network Mobility Support
– Entire network mobile as a unit
and attached to the Internet via
a Mobile Router (MR)
– MR changes its point of attachment
• Only MR changes its IP address
• Nodes behind MR don't change their
own point of attachment
– Current address recorded at the HA (dedicated server)
– Handled by NEMO WG
• NEMO Basic Support: RFC 3963 (Jan.05)
Benefit of network mobility support over
host mobility support
• The vehicle changes its point of attachment to the Internet
– Host Mobility: each node maintains Internet access
• Each host must perform Mobile IPv6
• Network Mobility: only the mobile router (MR) maintains
Internet access
– Standards IPv6 nodes can be located behind the MR: no mobility
support
CALM Architecture and SAPs of
Network
Service Access Points
• SAPs – Service Access Points
– Between the air interface and the networking
protocols
– Between the air interface and the CALM
management protocols
• SAPs provide a common basis for transaction …
– between the air interface and the network layer.
– between the network layer and the upper
application layers.
Data SAPs
• The different CALM media all use the same CALM
network layer.
• All media also use the same type of SAP to
communicate between the CALM network layer and
the communications adaptation layer.
• Two service primitives
– request and indication
Management SAPs
• These SAPs handle the overall management of
the transaction: start, reset, join, authenticate,
re-authenticate, de-authenticate, scan (for
media), associate, de-associate, re-associate,
etc.
• CALM-aware applications use M-SAPs to
communicate with other management entity.
CALM Management Entity
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CALM/Application Management Entity (CME)
– Select the best communication media
for application
• Network Management Entity (NME)
– Signal the Network status to CME
– Achieve inter-network (inter-media)
handover
– Use IP(v6) layer to control mobility
• Interface Management Entity (IME)
– Signal the media status to NME
– Avoid interferences among communication media
– Achieve intra-network (intra-media) handover
CALM policies
• Media
– interface protocol提供給interface status list
• Requirement
– application protocol提供給application
requirement list
• Policy
– Media selection policy
CALM/Application Manager
• Its principal role is to manage the
overall functioning of CALM, but
it also has to provide the session
management with the application.
• To manage the session it has to
direct messages/data/requests
to/from the application to the
appropriate destination in the
vehicle.
• CME needs Policies to decide communication
links and they can be
– User-defined、Manufacturer-defined、Local authorities-defined
CALM/Application manager entity
Network Manager
• It provides the link between one or
more media and one or more service
and directs data to/from the service
provider to the application service
running on board the vehicle.
• When required, it has to move the
media to the instruction of the CALM
Application Manager.
The principles involved in determining optimal choice
of network
Interface Manager
• The Interface Manager has to find what
media are available at any time, and the
qualities of that signal (signal strength,
data rate etc) and keep the records of
the status of the media updated.
• The Interface Manager will know all
active interfaces and their capabilities
and can activate a local handover
source/destination address can be kept intact .
The OSI Communications Stack
CALM architecture
References
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[1] Bob Williams, CALM Handbook, 2005
[2] ISO TC 204 WG16 CALM, http://www.calm.hu/
[3] ITS Application Overview, http://www.itsoverview.its.dot.gov/
[4] R. Koodli, Ed., RFC4068 Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6, July
2005,EXPERIMENTAL
• [5] D. Johnson, C. Perkins, J. Arkko, RFC3775 Mobility Support in IPv6, June
2004, PROPOSED STANDARD
• [6] T. Ernst, H-Y. Lach, RFC4885 Network Mobility Support Terminology,
July 2007, INFORMATIONAL
• [7] R. Wakikawa, A. Petrescu, P. Thubert, RFC3963 Network Mobility
(NEMO) Basic Support Protocol,?V. Devarapalli, January 2005, PROPOSED
STANDARD