Transcript IP Networks and Routing - Oakton Community College

IP Networks and Routing
Oakton Community College
CIS 238
LINUX Network Setup
• Commands:
- ip
- ifconfig
- ethtool, sysctl (see sysctl.conf) ,
see ndd on non-LINUX systems
- service network start/stop
Datasets:
- /etc/sysctl.conf, sysctl.d
- /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
IP Addressing Requirements
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Network address
NetMask
Gateway address
Static or DHCP
IP V4 addressing
• IP addresses
– Consist of 32 bits normally expressed either as
four binary octets separated by periods or as four
sets of decimal numbers separated by periods
– Contain a network ID and a host ID defined by the
subnet mask
– If more than local addressing must also supply a
Gateway address to the rest of the world.
IPv4 Address Classes
 Five different classes of IP addresses
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First three reserve a certain portion of the 32 bits
available for the network ID and the host ID
Last two are used in special situations only
Subnet Masks
• 32-bit numbers used to determine the portion
of an IP address that represents the network
ID and the host ID
• Place a 1 in bit positions that correspond to
network ID bits and a zero in bits that
represent host ID bits
• The host can perform a logical AND function
to determine if a destination IP address is on a
local network or a remote network
IP Subnetting
• Process of borrowing host bits to increase the
number of network bits
• Allows administrators to better utilize IP
networks that are either assigned to them
from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA) public IP addresses or from the private
address space defined by RFC 1918:
10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12. 192.168.0.0/16,
169.254.0.0/16
Network Routing
• Routing
– Process of moving information along a path from a
source to a destination on a network or between
networks
• On an IP network:
– Source and destinations are called hosts
– Information is fragmented into packets that are
transferred between these hosts
Direct (Local) Routing
• Direct Routing (ARP only). Local delivery is via
MAC Address contained in ARP table.
Indirect Routing
• Source and destination
hosts are not on the
same network segment
• Packets must pass
through a router,
a physical link
between two or
more networks
Indirect Routing
• IP determines location of routers in one of two ways:
– Consults a locally maintained routing table, a list of networks
the system knows about and the IP addresses of routers that
packets must pass through to get to those networks
– Uses a default gateway (if network is not found on the static
routing table)
• Either way, the designated router for the address is on the
local network and is ARP’ed for like any local host.
• A route consists of:
a) network address
b) subnet mask
c) next hop gateway address.
Routers
• Routers
– A physical device used to connect a number of
network segments
– Can be dedicated pieces of hardware, or can be
computers with more than one network adapter
card, each connected to a different network
segment
Static and Dynamic Routers
• Static routers
– Router to which routes must be added manually.
– Provide an entry in the routing table for every
network on the internetwork
– Configure each router with a default gateway
– Note: every host on a IP network is a static router, if
only for itself.
• Dynamic routers
– Routers that automatically share their routing
information with other routers on the network using a
routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF, EIGRP or BGP
Routing Protocols
• Standard language that lets dynamic routers exchange
routing information
• Basic types:
- Distance (RIP, BGP)
- Link State(OSPF) Both (EIGRP)
- Interior: RIP, OSPF, IGRP
- Exterior: EGP, BGP, EIGRP
• Link state protocols separate networks into areas with
common network information
• Autonomous system
– One set of networks and routers all under the same
administration or group
IPv4 Header
Route Debugging
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arp (-a)
ping / pathping
ipconfig /all, ifconfig -a
tracert, traceroute
netstat –rn
route
IPv4 Protocols
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
– Handles communication error messages
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
– Provides functionality for multicasting
• Internet Protocol (IP)
– Connectionless, layer three protocol
– Determines proper routing within multiple networks
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
– Maps a known IP address to a Media Access Control (MAC)
layer address
IPv4 protocols (2)
• Multicast Routing Protocols
– Maintaining Multicast Routing Table
– E.g. DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM
• Exterior Routing Protocols (Inter-AS)
– E.g. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
• Quality-of-Service Frameworks
– Integrated Service (ISA, IntServ)
– Differentiated Service (DiffServ)
IPv4 to IPv6
Changed
Removed
Network Layer in v4 & v6
IPv6 Addressing Model
• Addresses are assigned to interfaces, not hosts
• Interface expected to have multiple addresses
• Addresses have scope
– Link-Local
– Site-Local  Unique Local
– Global
Text Representation of Address
• Colon-Hex
– 3ffe:3600:2000:0800:0248:54ff:fe5c:8868
• Compressed Format:
– 3ffe:0b00:0c18:0001:0000:0000:0000:0010
– becomes 3ffe:b00:c18:1::10
Address Type Prefixes
Global Unicast Address
• Global routing prefix
– A (typically hierarchically-structured) value assigned
to a site (a cluster of subnets/links)
• Subnet ID
– An identifier of a subnet within the site
• Interface ID
– Constructed in Modified EUI-64 format
MAC to IPv6 mapping
Site-Local Address
• Meaningful only in a single site zone, and
may be re-used in other sites
• Equivalent to the IPv4 private address
space
• Address are not automatically configured
and must be assigned
• Prefix= FEC0::/48
Link-Local Address
• Meaningful only in a single link zone, and may be re-used on other
links
• Link-local addresses for use during auto-configuration and when no
routers are present
• Required for Neighbor Discovery process, always automatically
configuration
• An IPv6 router never forwards link-local traffic beyond the link
• Prefix= FE80::/64
Special IPv6 Address
• Loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1)
– Identify a loopback interface
• IPv4-compatible address (0:0:0:0:0:0:w.c.x.z or
::w.c.x.z)
– Used by dual-stack nodes
– IPv6 traffic is automatically encapsulated with an IPv4 header
and send to the destination using the IPv4 infrastructure
• IPv4 mapped address (0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:w.c.x.z or
::FFFF:w.c.x.z)
– Represent an IPv4-only node to an IPv6 node
– Only use a single listening socket to handle connections from
client via both IPv6 and IPv4 protocols.
– Never used as a source or destination address of IPv6 packet
– Rarely implemented
IPv6 Header Format
Address Autoconfiguration (1)
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Allow plug and play
BOOTP and DHCP are used in IPv4
DHCPng will be used with IPv6
Two Methods: Stateless and Stateful
Stateless:
– A system uses link-local address as source and
multicasts to "All routers on this link" (Router
discovery protocol)
– Router replies and provides all the needed prefix info
– All prefixes have a associated lifetime
– System can use link-local address permanently if no
router
Address Autoconfiguration (2)
• Stateful:
– Problem w/ stateless: Anyone can connect
– Routers ask the new system to go DHCP server (by
setting managed configuration bit)
– System multicasts to "All DHCP servers"
– DHCP server assigns an address
Neighbor Discovery (ND)
• Node (Hosts and Routers) use ND to determinate the
link-layer addresses for neighbors known to reside on
attached links and quick purge cached valued that
become invalid
• Hosts also use ND to find neighboring router that willing
to forward packets on their behalf
• Nodes use the protocol to actively keep track of which
neighbors are reachable and which are not, and to
detect changed link-layer addresses
• Replace ARP, ICMP Router Discovery, and ICMP Redirect
used in IPv4
IPv6 ND Mechanisms (1)
• Router discovery
– Equivalent to ICMPv4 Router Discovery
• Prefix discovery
– Equivalent to ICMPv4 Address Mask Request/Reply
• Parameter discovery
– Discovery additional parameter (ex. link MTU, default
hop limit for outgoing packet)
• Address auto-configuration
– Configure IP address for interfaces
• Address resolution: Equivalent to ARP in IPv4
IPv6 ND Mechanisms (2)
• Next-hop determination
– Destination address, or
– Address of an on-link default router
• Neighbor unreachable detection (NUD)
• Duplicate address detection (DAD)
– Determine that an address considered for use is not
already in use by a neighboring node
• First-hop Redirect function
– Inform a host of a better first-hop IPv6 address to
reach a destination,
– Equivalent to ICMPv4 Redirect
IPv6 References
• RFC 2460: IPv6
• RFC 2461: Neighbor Discovery
• RFC 2462: Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
• RFC 3513: Addressing Architecture
• RFC 3679: Flow Label Specification
• RFC 4443: ICMPv6
• RFC 3810: Multicast Listener Discovery (MLDv2)