Transcript The Origins of Global Interdependence

Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections:
Europe, Africa, and Asia
Unit III: Global Interdependence
(1500-1800)
 More regular contact between world’s regions
 Emergence of
 Nation-states
 Powerful weapons
 Efficient technologies
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Transportation
Communication
 Types of Exchange
 Biological
 Commercial
 Technological/cultural
Motives for European Maritime
Explorations
 Desire for basic resources/land
 Portuguese?
 Desire for new maritime trade routes to Asia
 Why?
 Zeal of Christian missionaries to convert new peoples
 How???
 What new sailing and mapping technologies were used?
 Where did such technologies come from?
 How were such expensive adventures financed?
How did the search for spices lead
to global exploration?
 Explorers sought sea routes to the Spice Islands
(Moluccas)
 Quicker
 Avoided Arab middlemen
 Goods were cheaper because bought straight from the
source
What motivated Prince Henry the
Navigator?
 Gain converts to Christianity
 Make Portugal a world power
 Bartholomeu Dias
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1488
Rounded southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
Opened sea route to Asia
 Vasco de Gama
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1497
Continued Dias’s route, all the way to India (Calicut)
Established control of key ports along Indian Ocean
Established 1st sea route to Asia
Europeans Find Ways to Profit from
the Lands They “Discover”
 Portuguese, British (BEIC), Dutch (VOC)
 Military technology
 Asian spices yield profits
 Set up trading-post empires
 Russians, English
 Establish settler colonies
 Spanish
 Claim Philippines
 Manila galleons transfer Spanish-Mexican silver to
China (fuels Chinese economy)
Portugal’s presence in Asia
 Under Albuquerque’s command,
Portuguese hoped to turn Indian Ocean
into “Portuguese lake”
 Goa, India (1510)
 Malacca, East Indies (1511)
 Control spice trade for most of 1500’s
 Unable to establish long term presence
in Asia
 Harsh conversion tactics cause backlash
 Lack resources to establish permanent
settlements, defend outposts
What were the accomplishments
of Christopher Columbus?
 Brings Western Hemisphere into global a global world
 Searching for ‘northwest passage’ to Asia
 Gained sponsorship from Spain’s Ferdinand and
Isabella
 Called Native Americans of West Indies “Indians”
 Pope Alexander VI created Line of Demarcation
 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
What was the significance of
Ferdinand Magellan?
 Sought western route to Asia
 First European to round the southern tip of South
America (Straits of Magellan)
 After 3 years at sea, crew became first to
circumnavigate the world
How and Why does the African
slave trade expand ?
 Europeans became
involved in the slave
trade
 Supply slaves to work on
plantations in Americas
 African states expanded
slave trade to meet
European demand and
gain wealth
 Asante, Oyo kingdoms
grow as result
European presence in Africa
expands
 Portuguese empire declines…other European empires
take over those outposts
 Dutch establish first permanent settlement
 Cape Town, southern tip of Africa (1652)
 Boers: Dutch farmers


Ousted, enslaved, killed natives
Pushed natives further north, inter-tribal warfare results
How do the Dutch build up a strong
presence in Southeast Asia?
 Use sea power to set up colonies
 Establish Dutch East India Company (1602)
 Sovereign—not controlled by the Dutch government

Could wage wars, negotiate treaties, build armies, govern
territories without Dutch gov’t approval
 Establish Permanent ties with locals/natives
 Concentrated more on trade than missionary work
 1641: Dutch capture Malacca from Portuguese
 Dutch trade established with China
 Monopolized Spice Island trade
 Maintained colonies in Indonesia through 1900s
Why was Spain able to conquer the
Philippines?
 Filipinos were not united as a people, so easily
conquered
 Spanish missionaries converted population to
Christianity
 Philippines becomes important link in Spanish trading
network
Colombian Exchange
 HUGE Concept In World History!!!
 Transmission of…from Eurasia into Americas/Oceania
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Disease
Plants
Livestock
Human migrants
 Decimated native populations
 New foods from the Americas fueled major pop.
increases in Eurasia and Africa
 Fur-bearing animals nearly eliminated
 Slaves shipped across oceans
 Previously unconnected populations become dependent
on each other (economic)
Columbian Exchange
Americas Received
Europeans Received
• Wheat
• Grapes
• Bananas
• Sugar
• Cattle
• Pigs
• Goats
• Chickens
• Horses
• Donkeys
• Small Pox
• Typhus
• Tomatoes
• Pumpkins
• Peppers
• Corn
• Potatoes
• Cassava
• Beans
• Cocoa
• Turkeys
• Squash
• Peanuts
• Silver
* PEOPLE *
* PEOPLE *
Unit III: Global Interdependence
(1500-1800)
 Who are the winners?
 Why?
 Who are the losers?
 Why?