Transcript AP 1 - fbusd.us

AP 1
EUROPEANS AND THE “NEW” WORLD
Native Americans
 Came to Americas across
Bering Strait.
 Following big game.
 Great Diversity
Native Americans of N. America
Environment Shapes Culture
 Clothing
 Housing/dwellings
 Hunter/gatherers vs.
sedentary
 Gender roles: Men hunters &
warriors
Woman = agriculture
Native American Empires
 More complex societies are in Central and South
America



A. Aztecs
B. Incas
C. Mayans
Review
 How did the first people get to the Americas?
 What was the biggest factor in shaping Native
American cultures?
 Where (in the Americas) were the most developed
civilizations?
European Motivations for Exploration
• Looking for new trade routes to Asia.
How European Sea Exploration is Possible
 1. New technology
a. Astrolab
 b. Better Maps
 c. Better ship—the Caravel

2. Development of Nation
States
a. Can raise $ (sea voyages
are expensive)
Portugal Leads the Way
 Prince Henry the Navigator
 School for Sailors
Portugal (Cont.)
 1st conquer islands off shore (Azores, Canary,
Maderias).
 Then head south (trying to get to Asia) and come in
contact with Africa.
 Start to get slaves from Africa and use them on
islands to grow sugar.
Portugal’s Explorations
Spain
 Marriage of Ferdinand and
Isabella unites Aragon and
Castile (creates Spain).
 Reconquista = Driving the Moors
(Muslims) from the Iberian
peninsula.
 Religious spirit on Reconquista
(along with desire for wealth
from trade) leads to Spanish
exploration.
More Review
 What factors motivated European exploration?
 What developments led to Europeans being able to
explore the world by sea?
 What country took the lead in European sea exploration
and where did they go?
 What led to the unification of Spain?
 What was the Reconquista and how did it play a part in
Spanish exploration?
Christopher Columbus
 From Italy
 Convinced Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain to sponsor his
voyage.
 Proposed going west (rather
than south) to find a more direct
sea route to Asia.
Columbus and Ferdinand and Isabella
1st Voyage of Columbus
 1492
 1st lands on an island in the
Bahamas.
 Next lands on Cuba and Hispaniola.
 Today Hispaniola is divided into two
countries: Haiti and the Dominican
Republic.
4 Voyages of Columbus
Impact of Columbus’s Voyages
 World’s Collide!
 Europe becomes aware of a “new world.”
 Greatly impacted world history by connecting
Europe and Africa with the Americas and setting in
motion the Columbian Exchange.
Columbian Exchange
 Refers to the exchange of goods between the new
world and the old that was set in motion by the
voyages of Columbus
Pope draws an
imaginary line to divide
exploration claims
between Portugal and
Spain.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Other Europeans Explore the Americas
 John Cabot
 Amerigo Vespucci
Spanish Motivations
 3 G’s



Gold
God
Glory
Conquistadors
 “Conquerors”
 Spanish soldiers who
conquered the natives of the
New World.
 Reasons for success: Guns,
Germs, and Steel
Cortes and the Aztecs
 Hernan Cortes led conquistadors who conquered the
Aztecs
Pizzaro and the Inca
Why the Conquistadors were able to
conquer the People of Central and
South America
 Guns, Germs, and
Steel.
 In other words,
superior technology,
horses, diseases.
 Smallpox is the big
killer.
New Spain
Spanish Interaction with Natives
 Viewed natives as inferior.
 Forced to work
 Forced to convert to Catholicism
 Justified harsh treatment on belief
that natives were heathens.
Importation of Slaves
 Since disease killed so
many of the Native
Americans, the Spaniards
(and Portuguese) began
using African slaves as a
labor force in the
Americas.
Types of Spanish Settlement
 Missions
 Presidios
 Haciendas
Father Junipero Serra
 Spanish Priest
 Set up 1st mission in what is today
Calif.
 (1769 in San Diego)
 Later helped start many more.
Racial Intermixing
 Women only 10% of immigrants from Spain.
 1st Settlement in what is today US = St. Augustine
(Florida) 1565.
Encomienda System
 Much like European feudalism.
 Govt. gives Spaniards great tracts of land in which
natives must labor for the landlord.
Rebellion (s)
 Pueblo Revolt
 A.k.a—Pope’s Rebellion
 1680 around what is today Santa Fe New Mexico.
 Read PDF file for details.
Wrap Up
 Diversity of Native Peoples of the Americas prior to the
arrival of Europeans.
 Motivations for European Exploration
 Significance of the voyages of Columbus
 How the Spanish viewed (and treated) Native Americans.
 Characteristics of Spanish settlements in the New World.
Primary sources
 They have no arms, and are without warlike
instincts; they all go naked, and are so timid that a
thousand would not stand before three of our men.
So that they are good to be ordered about, to work
and sow, and do all that may be necessary, and to
build towns, and they should be taught to go about
clothed and to adopt our customs.
 "Journal of the First Voyage of Christopher
Columbus, 1492-1493," in E.G. Bourne, The
Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985-1503 (New
York, 1906), 114, 145-146, 182
 Truly great and wonderful is this, and not corresponding to our merits, but
to the holy Christian religion, and to the piety and religion of our
sovereigns, because what the human understanding could not attain, that
the divine will has granted to human efforts. For God is wont to listen to his
servants who love his precepts, even in impossibilities, as has happened to
us on the present occasion, who have attained that which hitherto mortal
men have never reached. For if anyone has written or said anything about
these islands, it was all with obscurities and conjectures; no one claims that
he had seen them; from which they seemed like fables. Therefore let the
king and queen, the princes and their most fortunate kingdoms, and all
other countries of Christendom give thanks to our Lord and Saviour Jesus
Christ, who has bestowed upon us so great a victory and gift. Let religious
processions be solemnized; let sacred festivals be given; let the churches be
covered with festive garlands. Let Christ rejoice on earth, as he rejoices in
heaven, when he foresees coming to salvation so many souls of people
hitherto lost. Let us be glad also, as well on account of the exaltation of our
faith, as on account of the increase of our temporal affairs, of which not
only Spain, but universal Christendom will be partaker. These things that
have been done are thus briefly related. Farewell.
Spanish Settlement
 Mostly men, so lots of race
mixing.
 Missions=Churches to
convert natives
 Presidios = forts to guard
territory
 Stretch from Present West
coast of USA to bottom of
South America.