Transcript finalExamReview

Final Exam Review
• Knowledge questions
• True or false statement (explain why)
• Protocol
• Calculation
• Cover the contents after midterm coverage
Knowledge Question Examples
• Three classes of switch fabric, speed relationship
– What is Head-of-the-line (HOL) blocking?
• Where can queue occur in router?
• TCP header size? IP header size? UDP header size?
• How many bits in IP of IPv6? Address space size? Why it is very slow
to be deployed? (enough IP space, hard upgrading and compatible)
• Routing: what are Link state, distance vector?
• Internet two-level routing? (inter-AS, intra-AS)
• RIP, OSPF, BGP? Used where?
– OSPF uses link state, BGP/RIP uses distance vector
• Which is better? pure ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, CSMA/CD?
– What are their assumptions? (collision detection, time syn)
• CSMA/CD? CSMA/CA? Why wireless use CSMA/CA?
Knowledge Question Examples
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Ethernet Broadcast MAC addr.? What the broadcast address for? What is
ARP?
Why Ethernet is much better than aloha in efficiency? (homework 3)
Hub vs. Switch? (homework 3)
802.11a, b, g: speed? Working frequency?
802.15? (personal area network, example: bluetooth)
Wireless no collision detection?
– listen while sending, fading, hidden terminal
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Network security three elements:
– Confidentiality, authentication, integrity
What is public/symmetric key cryptography? Pro vs. con?
Why use “nonce” in security? (replay attack) What is man-in-the-middle
attack?
Usage of firewall? (block outside active traffic to inside)
IP spoofing? SYN flood DoS attack? UDP flood?
What is a botnet?
Different between email virus vs. worm?
– Vulnerability, user interaction to propagate, speed
•
IPSec vs. SSL? (different layers, tcp vs. udp)
Protocol Problem Examples
• NAT address translation procedure
• Digital signature procedure
• HTTPS connection procedure
– CA, public key
• Secure email (assume known public key)
– Confidentiality
– Integrity
Calculation Examples
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Homework 3 prob. 7 (subnet addressing)
Homework 2, prob. 9-11 (link state, distance vector)
Homework 3, prob. 4 (parity checking)
Homework 3, prob. 5 (CRC calculation)
Homework 3, prob. 11 (wireless MAC protocol)
Caesar cipher decrypt, Vigenere cipher, one-time pad
decrypt (given the pad)
Three types of switching fabrics
Property? Speed order?
• Head-of-the-Line (HOL) blocking: queued datagram at
front of queue prevents others in queue from moving
forward
• Queue can occur at both input port and output port of a router
Intra-AS and Inter-AS routing
C.b
a
Host
h1
C
b
A.a
Inter-AS
routing
between
A and B
A.c
a
d
c
b
A
Intra-AS routing
within AS A
B.a
a
c
B
Host
h2
b
Intra-AS routing
within AS B
• We’ll examine specific inter-AS and intraAS Internet routing protocols shortly
Routing Algorithm classification
Global or decentralized information?
Global:
• all routers have complete topology, link cost info
• “link state” algorithms
Decentralized:
• router knows physically-connected neighbors, link costs
to neighbors
• iterative process of computation, exchange of info with
neighbors
• “distance vector” algorithms
NAT: Network Address Translation
2: NAT router
changes datagram
source addr from
10.0.0.1, 3345 to
138.76.29.7, 5001,
updates table
2
NAT translation table
WAN side addr
LAN side addr
1: host 10.0.0.1
sends datagram to
128.119.40.186, 80
138.76.29.7, 5001 10.0.0.1, 3345
……
……
S: 10.0.0.1, 3345
D: 128.119.40.186, 80
S: 138.76.29.7, 5001
D: 128.119.40.186, 80
138.76.29.7
S: 128.119.40.186, 80
D: 138.76.29.7, 5001
3: Reply arrives
dest. address:
138.76.29.7, 5001
3
1
10.0.0.4
S: 128.119.40.186, 80
D: 10.0.0.1, 3345
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
4
10.0.0.3
4: NAT router
changes datagram
dest addr from
138.76.29.7, 5001 to 10.0.0.1, 3345
Intra-AS and Inter-AS routing
C.b
a
Host
h1
C
b
A.a
Inter-AS
routing
between
A and B
A.c
a
d
c
b
A
Intra-AS routing
within AS A
B.a
a
c
B
Host
h2
b
Intra-AS routing
within AS B
– RIP: Routing Information Protocol
– OSPF: Open Shortest Path First
– BGP: Border Gateway Protocol (Inter-AS)
ARP protocol: Same LAN
(network)
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A wants to send datagram to B,
and B’s MAC address not in A’s
ARP table.
A broadcasts ARP query packet,
containing B's IP address
– Dest MAC address =
FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
– all machines on LAN
receive ARP query
B receives ARP packet, replies
to A with its (B's) MAC address
– frame sent to A’s MAC address
(unicast)
•
A caches (saves) IP-to-MAC
address pair in its ARP table until
information becomes old (times
out)
– soft state: information that
times out (goes away) unless
refreshed
• ARP is “plug-and-play”:
– nodes create their ARP tables
without intervention from net
administrator
What is network security?
Confidentiality: only sender, intended receiver should
“understand” message contents
– sender encrypts message
– receiver decrypts message
Authentication: sender, receiver want to confirm identity of
each other
– Virus email really from your friends?
– The website really belongs to the bank?
Message Integrity: sender, receiver want to ensure
message not altered (in transit, or afterwards) without
detection
– Digital signature
Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS
exchange
A
B
AP
DIFS
reservation collision
CIFS
CIFS
DATA (A)
defer
CIFS
time
Textbook Page 522 figure
Firewall
• Block outside-initiated traffic to inside of a
local network
• Usually do not block any traffic initiated
from inside to outside
public
Internet
administered
network
firewall
Digital signature = signed message
digest
Bob sends digitally signed
message:
large
message
m
H: Hash
function
Bob’s
private
key
+
-
KB
Alice verifies signature and
integrity of digitally
signed message:
encrypted
msg digest
H(m)
digital
signature
(encrypt)
encrypted
msg digest
KB(H(m))
large
message
m
H: Hash
function
No confidentiality !
KB(H(m))
Bob’s
public
key
+
KB
digital
signature
(decrypt)
H(m)
H(m)
equal
?
Secure e-mail

Alice wants to send confidential e-mail, m, to Bob.
KS
m
K (.)
S
KS(m )
+
KS
+
.
K B( )
+
Internet
+
KB(KS )
KB
Alice:




generates random symmetric private key, KS.
encrypts message with KS (for efficiency)
also encrypts KS with Bob’s public key.
sends both KS(m) and KB(KS) to Bob.
Secure e-mail

Alice wants to send confidential e-mail, m, to Bob.
KS
m
K (.)
S
+
KS
+
.
K B( )
+
KS(m )
KS(m )
+
KB(KS )
-
Internet
+
KB(KS )
KB
Bob:
.
KS( )
 uses his private key to decrypt and recover KS
 uses KS to decrypt KS(m) to recover m
KS
-
.
K B( )
-
KB
m
Secure e-mail (continued)
• Alice wants to provide message integrity
(unchanged, really written by Alice).
+
-
KA
m
H(.)
-
.
KA( )
-
-
KA(H(m))
KA(H(m))
+
Internet
m
• Alice digitally signs message.
KA
+
.
KA( )
m
H(m )
compare
.
H( )
H(m )
• sends both message (in the clear) and digital signature.
How SSL (https) works?
Three-way handshake
Request server certificate
K-CA(K+B)
KB+
Server B
Client
Certificate from CA
K+B(KA-B)
Symmetric session key
KA-B(m)
time
Distance table gives routing table
E
cost to destination via
Outgoing link
D ()
A
B
D
A
3
5
8
A
A,3
B
5
4
9
B
B,4
C
6
9
4
C
D,4
D
4
11
5
D
A,4
Distance table
to use, cost
Routing table
Distance Vector Algorithm: example
X
2
Y
7
1
Z
X
Z
X
Y
D (Y,Z) = c(X,Z) + minw{D (Y,w)}
= 7+1 = 8
D (Z,Y) = c(X,Y) + minw {D (Z,w)}
= 2+1 = 3
CRC Example
Want:
D.2r XOR R = nG
equivalently:
D.2r = nG XOR R
equivalently:
if we divide D.2r
by G, want
remainder R
R = remainder[
D.2r
G
]
Dijkstra’s algorithm: example
Step
N
0
A
1
AD
2
ADE
3
ADEB
4 ADEBC
5 ADEBCF
D(B),p(B) D(C),p(C) D(D),p(D) D(E),p(E) D(F),p(F)
2,A
5,A
1,A
infinity,infinity,2,A
4,D
1,A
2,D
infinity,2,A
3,E
1,A
2,D
4,E
2,A
3,E
1,A
2,D
4,E
2,A
3,E
1,A
2,D
4,E
2,A
3,E
1,A
2,D
4,E
5
A
1
2
B
2
D
3
C
3
1
5
F
1
E
2
• Caesar cipher decrypt:
– “welcome”, key= +2 
• Vigenere cipher
– “final exam” key=3,4,-1
(blank space does not change)