Transcript Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

Admiral Zheng He
Each ship was 400’ long
and 160’ wide!
1371-1435
Zheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta,
China’s favorite port!
Earlier Explorations
1. Islam & the Spice Trade INDIA
2. A New Player  Europe
Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state
enterprise  monarchs had the
authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the
Ming “Treasure Fleet”
Motives for European Exploration
1. Crusades  by-pass intermediaries
to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance  curiosity about other
lands and peoples.
3. Reformation  refugees &
missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of
revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
OR MORE SIMPLY
PUT…….
The 3 G’s ……..
• GOD !
• GOLD !
• GLORY !
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons
Technology
A Map of the Known
World,
pre- 1492
Prince Henry, the
Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Museum of Navigation
in Lisbon
Portuguese Maritime
Empire
1. Exploring the west coast of A frica.
2. Setting up Trading Posts/Rest
stations the Entire T ime
3. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487 1st to get
around tip of A frica… (Cape of Good
Hope)
4. Vasco da Gama, 1498 1st to get to
India to city of Calcutta.
Other Voyages of
Exploration
Christofo Colon
1506]
[1451-
Columbus’ Four Voyages
The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco
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Quinine
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Cocoa
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Pineapple
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Cassava
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POTATO
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Peanut
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TOM ATO
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Vanilla
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M AIZE
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Syphilis
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Trinkets
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Liquor
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GUNS
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Olive
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COFFEE BEAN
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Banana
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Rice
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Onion
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Turnip
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Honeybee
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Barley
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Grape
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Peach
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Oats
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Citrus Fruits
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Pear
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W heat
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HORSE
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Cattle
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Sheep
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Pigs
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Smallpox
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Flu
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Typhus
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Measles
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Malaria
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Diptheria
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W hooping Cough
SUGAR
CANE
Ferdinand Magellan & the
First Circumnavigation of
the World:
Early 16c
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
The Treaty of Tordesillas,
1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
The First Spanish
Conquests:
The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
The Death of Montezuma
II
Cortez and the Aztecs
• 1519 Cortes able to take over with
only 600 men.
• Thought Cortes was some sort of
God
• 3 advantages of Spaniards:
– Superior Weapons (Gunpowder)
– Help of Native Rival Tribes
– Diseases (Smallpox and Measles)
Mexico Surrenders to
Cortez
The First Spanish
Conquests:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
Mayans
• Stretched from Southern Mexico to Northern
Central America
• 1200 B.C. – 400 B.C. Greatest Times
• Trade linked their states together. Cacao
( Chocolate Bean) main currency
• Slash and Burn Agriculture
• Polytheistic
• Made Human Sacrifices; Pierced own bodies to
make blood sacrifices
• Most Advanced writing
• Wrote in Hieroglyphics
• Mysteriously Disappear!
Forced policy of the
Spanish Empire in the New
World
1. Encomienda
or forced
labor.
2. T hought to be a good source of
labor, but too many Natives die
of diseases.
3. W here will the Spaniards
get someone to do the
backbreaking work for
them?
Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill
Treasures
from the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave
Trade
The Slave Trade
1. Existed in A frica before the coming of the
Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with
A fricans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of A frican slaves brought by the
Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved A fricans exported
to other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million A fricans
shipped to the Americas.
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Native Indians
Mulattos
Black Slaves
Latin American Social
Structure
• Peninsulare- Spaniard born in Spain
• Creole- Pure blooded Spaniard born in
colony
• Mestizo- Mixed blooded Spanish and
Native
• Mulatto- Mixed blooded Spanish and
African
• African Slaves
• Native Americans
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Empires in the
Americas
The Influence of the
Colonial Catholic Church
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
Our Lady of
Guadalupe
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542
New Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth
to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia  consolidated its
holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in
1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
New Colonial Rivals
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an
inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across
the continents [“Columbian
Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
5. New Patterns of World
Trade