Transcript CHAPTER 2 Overview

CHAPTER 2
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE IMMIGRANTS
In fourteen hundred
and ninety two
Columbus sailed
the ocean blue
 Christopher Columbus was
not the first European to
discover the Americas
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Vikings arrived in the new world
500 years before Columbus
 Recent evidence supports this
theory
 Eric the Red was banished from
Iceland under the suspicion that
he murdered a member of the
community
 Eric, his family members and
friends traveled to Greenland
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Lacking trees on Greenland, Eric sent his son, Leif Ericsson, to
find a source of timber
 The expedition landed on the north shore of Newfoundland. A
settlement was established at L’Ans aux Meadow, NF
 Here the Vikings traveled back and forth carrying timber
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE IMMIGRANTS
 The Vikings encountered
the Beothuk. Although
relations were not friendly,
the Viking settlement lasted
about 20 years
 Eventually the Beothuk
destroyed the Vikings
THE IMMIGRANTS
 The Basques were also in North America before Columbus.
About 1350 AD
 The Basques are fishermen from Northern Spain who can to
North America to fish the Grand Banks
 Demand for fish in Europe increased because of religious
traditions. The Basques were providing for this demand
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Seasonal settlements were established on the southern shore of
Newfoundland but nothing permanent
 Limited trade was established with the local people
 The Basques kept their fishing grounds secret and therefore did
not publicize their knowledge of the new world
THE IMMIGRANTS
 The Age of Absolutism created political stability in Europe
 Power was centralized under a King or Queen and the nation-
state emerged
 Once a country was stabilized, exploration could be justified
 Portugal was the first to settle their internal problems
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Oriental goods were arriving in Europe over-land from the far
east
 Goods arrived in the eastern Mediterranean and were then
shipped into the interior of Europe
 With each transfer, these Asian commodities became more and
more expensive
 A direct sea route was needed to control prices
THE IMMIGRANTS
 In 1488, Bartholomew Diaz
sailed south around the Cape of Africa
to the Orient
 The Portuguese began to import
goods from the Far East with
middlemen
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Portugal became very wealthy and the balance of power in
Europe changed dramatically
 Spain was the next to unify its states under one central authority
 The Spanish Christians defeated the Spanish Muslims in 1480’s
 The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
consolidated power under the King and Queen
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Now, Spain can begin to look outwards to exploration and
discovery
 In 1492, the Italian discoverer, Christopher Columbus is hired
to explore his theories of exploration
 Columbus based his theories on the work of the ancient
geographer Ptolemy
 On October 12th, 1492, Columbus is allowed to prove his
theory that one can circumnavigate the globe by sailing over
the horizon (knowledge that the Greeks and Romans
possessed a thousand years earlier)
THE IMMIGRANTS
 The real goal for Spain was to find the passage to India
therefore Columbus did not expect the massive land mass
(North America) to end his westward progress
 Columbus claims the entire New World for Spain
 Columbus landed in the Caribbean thinking he has found India
THE IMMIGRANTS
 He names the islands the West Indies to commemorate his
discovery. He calls the people Indians
 Spain becomes wealthy through the discovery of gold as native
possessions are pillaged and slave labor is used in mining the
precious ore
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Columbus' voyage fueled the rivalry between Spain and
Portugal
 King John II of Portugal rejected Spanish claims to the
Caribbean islands
 Each country disputed the rights of the other to explore the new
lands
 Portuguese explorer, Pedro Cabral, headed south to Africa was
blown off course and landed in present-day Brazil
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Cabral claimed this territory for the Portugal, angering Spain
 The Pope was sought to negotiated a settlement
 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesilles in 1494
 The treaty drew a Line of Demarcation that ran north-south for
about 1100 miles west of the Azores
 The treaty gave all newly discovered lands west of the line to
Spain (Caribbean, Mexico, USA, Canada, South America)
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Portugal received the right to colonize and trade with any lands
east of the line (Africa, Brazil)
 The treaty gave Spain the right to claim most of north and south
America
 A small portion of Brazil is east of the Demarcation Line, Spain
tolerated the Portuguese presence in the New World
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE FRENCH
 France is the next European power to participate in the Age of
Discovery
 Jacques Cartier explores the north
east (present day Maine to
Newfoundland) far away from
Spanish territorial claims
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Cartier is looking for a sea route to Asia and wealth
 He find neither and France abandons its exploration for 75 years
 The French will eventually establish a naval base at Port Royal
and 1604 and the settlement of Quebec in 1608
 New France is established
THE IMMIGRANTS
 The early development of New France was engineered by the
merchants (fur traders) and the missionaries
 The colony of New France always had a difficult time to attract
settlers despite their various efforts
 The fur trade did not create jobs, the colony was isolated, the
incentive called “indentured labor” failed and the climate was too
severe
THE IMMIGRANTS
 The colony grew from within rather than relying on immigration
 By 1760, 10 000 immigrants came to New France but the
population grew to 65 000 due to a high birth rate
 New France grew in size to cover much of eastern and central
Canada, south along the Mississippi River valley
THE IMMIGRANTS
THE IMMIGRANTS
 New France was lost to Britain following the Seven Years War.
This territory was called British North America BNA
THE LOYALISTS
 Following the American Revolution 1776 - 1783, people that
did not support the Revolution were labeled Loyalists and
forced out of the newly formed United States of America
 These Loyalists traveled north to British North America
(Ontario, Canada) rather than return to England
THE IMMIGRANTS
 The Loyalists were a hardy group bringing their farming skills
with them
 They also embedded in British North America a staunch antiAmerican sentiment
 The Loyalists were welcomed by the British government to offset
the remnants of the French colonists
THE IMMIGRANTS
 British policy favored the Loyalists and the assimilation of the
French population was also encouraged
THE GREAT MIGRATION
 More people of British background will arrive in BNA during the
Great Migration 1815 – 1850
 Irish Potato Famine, Scottish Clearance
 This immigration wave will firmly establish our British roots
THE IMMIGRANTS
PEOPLE FROM MANY LANDS
(SIFTON MIGRATION)
 During the period 1880 – 1914, 3 million people came to
Canada from many different lands
 Free land was offered as a way to attract people to the
Canadian west
 Settlement of the west was important to building the new nation
of Canada
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Ukrainians were eager to leave a miserable life in Europe and
begin anew in western Canada
 Ukrainians were actively recruited – 500 000 eventually
relocated to the Canadian prairies
 Railway construction attracted oriental immigration as cheap
labor
 Cities began to grow as immigration increased
THE IMMIGRANTS
 Twentieth century immigration saw a decline in European
immigration and an increase from the East
 Anti-immigration feelings ran high among Canadians especially
directed toward the orientals
 War created “enemy aliens”
 Immigration created Canada’s MultiCultural identity
1881
British
2 548 514
French
1 298 929
Dutch
30 412
German
254 319
Italian
1 849
Jewish
667
Polish
Russian
Scandinavian
Ukrainian
1901
1911
1921
3 063 195
1 649 371
33 845
310 501
10 834
16 131
3 999 081
2 061 719
55 961
403 417
45 963
76 199
4 868 738
2 452 743
117 505
294 635
66 769
126 196