Transcript Evolution of Technology

Evolution of Technology
What’s in that cloud anyway?
A quick trip inside the internet cloud
Catherine Seo
Cambridge College
2007
Evolution of Techology
© copyright 2006 by Cognent Inc.
Not-so-Famous Last Words
• "I think there
is a world
market for
maybe five
computers.“
~Thomas Watson,
Chairman of IBM,
1943
What Is the Internet?
• A network of networks, joining many
government, university and private
computers together and providing
an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin
boards, file archives, hypertext documents,
databases and other computational resources
• The vast collection of computer networks which form
and act as a single huge network for transport of
data and messages across distances which can be
anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the
world.
Written by William F. Slater, III 1996
President of the Chicago Chapter of the Internet Society
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA
Simply the internet it:
• The largest network of networks in the world.
• Uses TCP/IP protocols (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) and packet switching.
• Runs on any communications substrate.
From Dr. Vinton Cerf,
Co-Creator of TCP/IP
A Brief Summary of the Evolution of the Internet
2007
1945
TCP/IP
Created
ARPANET
1972
1969
Hypertext
Invented
1965
Packet
Switching
Invented
1964
First Vast
Computer
Network
Envisioned
1962
Silicon
A
Mathematical Chip
1958
Theory of
Memex Communication
1948
Conceived
1945
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA
Mosaic
WWW
Internet
Created
Named Created
1993
1989
and
Goes
TCP/IP
1984
Internet Web 2.0
Boom
2003 –
Age of
& Bust
2007
eCommerce 2001
Begins
1995
Early Developers
Ted Nelson
Paul Baran
Vannevar Bush Claude Shannon J. C. R. Licklider
Vinton
Cerf
Jon Postel
Leonard
Kleinrock
Bob Metcalfe
Lawrence Roberts
Tim
BernersLee
Steve Crocker
Esther
Dyson
Mark
Andreesen
Robert Kahn
You are here
Historical Context
• Invented in the late 50’s,
Bob Taylor, JCR Licklider,
Ivan Sutherland,
Larry Roberts, Alan Kay et al
• Big ideas: packet switching, self contained
messages
• The Internet got started as the Arpanet
• inherently decentralized
• designed to survive atomic attack
• designed to scale in a biological manner
Out of the Pentagon, Into the Bean Bag Chairs
• 1969 -The Mansfield amendment changed the focus
• ARPA -> DARPA
• everyone heads for the exits, including
• Bob Taylor
• Alan Kay
• and the result is Xerox PARC
• Taylor was hired to start a Computer Science Lab
• Mission was to create an “architecture of information”
Xerox PARC was responsible for many firsts…
• PC’s
• Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
• Laser printing
• Object oriented programming
• Client/server
• email
• and….networking, specifically the ethernet
Meanwhile…
• Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn design the
TCP protocol on top of the existing IP
• IP - Internetwork Protocol - how to send packets
across networks, regardless of hardware and
operating system incompatibilities
• TCP - Transmission Control Protocol - how to break
up logical messages into packets and put them back
together at the other end on top of IP
The combination of their efforts was key…
• An elegant decentralized network interface Ethernet
• An elegant decentralized protocol - IP
• An elegant decentralized higher protocol – TCP
• Together they form the foundation of the Internet
• The year is 1973
Open Standards Accelerate Growth & Acceptance
• ARPANET continued to grow throughout the 70’s
• Researchers and Academics began to use the network
• 1976 - Queen Elizabeth goes online with the first royal
email message.
• In 1985 the National Science Foundation launched a
program to establish access across the U.S.
• In 1989 ARPANET was shut down by Defense
Communications Industry due to limited funding and
support from the military
Bring on the applications
• Email is the first killer app, and was
added right away
• SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• POP3 - Post Office Protocol v3
• Other document transfers were invented over time:
• FTP - File Transfer Protocol
• NNTP (Netnews) - threaded discussions
• Gopher - text search and archive
• Telnet- allows a user to “log-in” to a remote computer
• and many more
Now for the World Wide Web
• The Internet was in common use for
scientists and academics and Unix geeks
for 20+ years
• Tim Berners-Lee wanted to send
formatted text with hyperlinks (1989)
• Thus was born the next higher protocol HTTP: the Hypertext Transport Protocol
• But the new documents needed a
description to be properly displayed with
links - and thus we have HTML - the
Hypertext Markup Language
Power to the people
• 1992 - The first audio and video broadcasts take place over the "MBONE."
More than 1,000,000 hosts are part of the Internet.
Let there be browsers HTML display applications that use HTTP
to send and receive stuff
• 1993 - Mosaic, the first graphical user interface to the WWW developed by
Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois becomes available
• Later developed NETSCAPE
• Traffic on the Internet expands at a 341,634% annual growth rate.
To God’s ears…
• 1995 - NSFNET reverts back to a research project,
leaving the Internet in commercial hands. The Web
now comprises the bulk of Internet traffic. The
Vatican launches www.vatican.va.
• James Gosling and a team of programmers at Sun
Microsystems release an Internet programming
language called Java, which radically alters the way
applications and information can be
retrieved,displayed, and used over the Internet.
Grow, growing, grooooooowing…
• Users in
almost 200
countries
around the
world are
now
connected
to the
Internet.
Technology Trends
Computing
power will
double in
power
and halve
in price
every 18
months
Moore’s Law
Price of Computing
Internet Growth Trends
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1977: 111 hosts on Internet
1981: 213 hosts
1983: 562 hosts
1984: 1,000 hosts
1986: 5,000 hosts
1987: 10,000 hosts
1989: 100,000 hosts
1992: 1,000,000 hosts
2001: 150 – 175 million hosts
2002: over 200 million hosts
By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on the
Internet
March 2001
>Over 115 Million Hosts
(As of Jan. 2001)
>Over 407 Million Users
(As of Nov. 2000)
>218 of 246 Countries
(As of Jan. 2000)
>31 Million Domain Names
>About 100 TB of Data
Dr. Vint Cerf presents in Chicago/March 2001
Digital Photo March 2001 by William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA
By September 2002
The Internet Reached Two
Important Milestones:
Netsizer.com – from Telcordia
Not-so-famous last words…
•"I think there is a world
market for maybe five
computers.“
~Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943
Feed the Web First
• Given the choice of open or closed systems,
consumers show a fierce enthusiasm for open
architectures. They choose the open again and
again because an open system has more
potential upside than a closed one. There are
more sources from which to recruit members
and more nodes with which to intersect.
~ Kevin Kelly
New Rules for the New Economy
10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World
Web 2.0
•
•
•
•
second generation of Web-based services
Communication tools
Collaborative technologies
Social networking sites
• "Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the
computer industry caused by the move to the
internet as platform, and an attempt to
understand the rules for success on that new
platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build
applications that harness network effects to get
better the more people use them.“
~ Tim O’Reilly
Social Enviornments
• Wikipedia
• The biggest multilingual free-content encyclopedia
on the Internet. Over two million articles and still
growing.
• Blog
• user-generated website where entries are made in
journal style (WEB LOG)
• Flickr
• photo sharing website and web services suite, and
an online community platform, uses tags
Social Enviornments
• My Space
• social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network
of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music and videos
• 106 million accounts as of September 8, 2006
• 230,000 new registrations per day
• Flickr
• photo sharing website and web services suite, and an online community
platform, uses tags
• Craig’s List
• centralized network of online urban communities, featuring free classified
advertisements (with jobs, housing, personals, for sale/barter/wanted,
services, community, gigs and resumes categories) and forums sorted by
various topics
• over 5 billion page views per month to 10 million unique visitors
• 34th place overall among web sites world wide
• 8th place overall among web sites in the United States
Social Enviornments
• YouTube
• popular free video sharing website which lets users upload,
view, and share video clips – purchased in Nov 2006 by
google for $1.65 Billion in google stock
• Judson Laipply
• Evolution of Dance clip, which is the #1 Most Viewed All
Time Video, #1 Top Favorites Video and #4 Most Discussed
Video on YouTube.com
• amassed over 10 millions views in under two weeks
• was featured on CNN, MSN, E!, USA Today, Good Morning
America, The Today Show, AOL, and Google
• As of January 29, 2007, the number of views on
YouTube.com hit 40 million.
Social Enviornments
• Del.icio.us
• a social bookmarking web service for storing,
sharing, and discovering web bookmarks.
• ePortfolios
• a web-based information management system that
uses electronic media and services built and
maintained by the learner used, in part, to
demonstrate competence, store research materials
and reflect on learning.
What is a WIKI?
• About WIKIs
• website that allows the
visitors themselves to
easily add, remove, and
otherwise edit and change
available content, typically
without the need for
registration.
• ease of interaction and
operation makes a wiki an
effective tool for mass
collaborative authoring
• Each new machine or technique, in a sense,
changes all existing machines and
techniques, by permitting us to put them
together into new combinations. The
number of possible combinations rises
exponentially as the number of new
machines or techniques rises arithmetically.
Indeed, each new combination may, itself,
be regarded as a new super-machine.
~ Alvin Toffler, Future Shock, 1970
• Since we have no
choice but to be
swept along by
[this] vast
technological
surge, we might as
well learn to surf.
~ Michael Soule
Conservation for the 21st
Century, 1989
And now…
• how to harness this expansive resource
World Wide Web
Questions?