Transcript Networking with Windows Server 2008

MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows
Server 2008 Network Infrastructure
Configuration
Chapter 3
Networking with Windows
Server 2008
Objectives
• Identify the basic components of a network
• Describe the features of Internet Protocol version 4
(IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
• Configure clients for IPv4 and IPv6
• Upgrade a network from IPv4 to IPv6
• Troubleshoot Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol on networks
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Introduction to Networking
• Basics of networking
– A network is a group of two or more nodes
– Networking is the practice of:
• Designing, implementing, and managing a collection of
computers and devices or a network
• Types of networks
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–
–
–
–
Network scale
Connection methodology
Network architecture
Network topology
Network protocol
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Network Infrastructure Configuration
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Network Infrastructure Configuration
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Network Infrastructure Configuration
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Introduction to Networking (continued)
• Network scale
– How networks occupy geographic space
• Most common types of networks
– Local area networks (LANs)
– Wide area networks (WANs)
• Connection methodology
– Defines the type of hardware technology used for
connecting network nodes
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Introduction to Networking (continued)
• Network topology
– Categorizes networks based on the physical and
logical relationship among devices
• Network protocol
– Allows network nodes to communicate with each other
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Basic Network Components
• Network interface cards (NICs)
– Hardware cards installed in computers so that they
can connect to a physical network
• Repeater
– Hardware device that receives a signal and then
resends it at a higher level or power
• Hubs
– Have multiple ports to which nodes connect
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Basic Network Components
(continued)
• Bandwidth
– Describes the amount of data that can travel from one
network point to another within a specified time
• Network bridges
– Connect one or more network segments
• Switches
– Work at Layer 2 of the OSI model and forward frames
between ports based on MAC addresses
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MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008
Network Infrastructure Configuration
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Network Infrastructure Configuration
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Basic Network Components
(continued)
• Routers
– Responsible for forwarding packets between subnets,
or networks with differing IP addressing schemes
– Use dynamic routing protocols and preconfigured
static routes to deliver packets
– Always connected to at least two networks
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Network Addressing with TCP/IP
• IPv4
– The industry standard for network addressing in
public and private networks
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
– Set of rules to exchange messages with other
Internet points at the information packet level
– Guarantees the delivery of packets
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Network Layers and the OSI Model
• Physical layer
– Responsible for bit-level transmission between
network nodes
• Data Link layer
– Responsible for communications between adjacent
network nodes
• Network layer
– Responsible for establishing paths for data transfer
through the network
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Network Layers and the OSI Model
(continued)
• Transport layer
– Responsible for delivering messages between
networked hosts
• Session layer
– Responsible for establishing process-to-process
communications between networked hosts
• Presentation layer
– Responsible for defining the syntax that two network
hosts use to communicate
• Application layer
– Responsible for providing user services
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MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008
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Anatomy of an IPv4 Address
• IPv4
– Based on an addressing scheme that uses unique 32bit (4-byte) addresses
• Binary numbers
– Represented by either a 1 or a 0
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Anatomy of an IPv4 Address
(continued)
• Activity 3-1: Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary
Numbers
• Time Required: 15 minutes
• Objective: Practice decimal-to-binary conversion
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Subnetting
• The process of creating multiple smaller networks, or
subnets, from an IP network address
• Subnet mask
– Can determine the network and host ID portions of an
IP address
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Subnetting (continued)
• Activity 3-2: Using the Windows Calculator to
Convert Decimal Numbers to Binary
• Time Required: 5 minutes
• Objective: Use the Windows Calculator to perform
decimal-to-binary number conversions
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MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008
Network Infrastructure Configuration
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Subnetting (continued)
• Special-use IPv4 addresses
– Defined by Request for Comment (RFC) 3330
• Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
– Uses variable length subnet masks to provide
individualized network addressing
• Supernetting
– Allows you to combine two or more subnetworks into a
larger supernetwork
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Public and Private Addresses
• Public addresses
– Issued IP addresses that are available from the
Internet
– Centrally registered and maintained through ICANN,
ISPs, and domain registration organizations
• Private IP addresses
– Not available or routable on the Internet
– Used by administrators deploying internal networks
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Introduction to IPv6
• IPv6
– The future of IP on the Internet and on public and
private networks
– Advantages
• Improved security
• Improved autoconfiguration
• Simplified routing
• Addressing with IPv6
– IPv6 uses source and destination addresses that are
128 bits, or 16 bytes, in length
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Introduction to IPv6 (continued)
• Address structure
– IPv6 rules for shortening addresses
• Any leading digit of 0 (zero) can be dropped from any
group
• Two or more groups of zeroes can be replaced by two
colons (can be done only once per address)
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Introduction to IPv6 (continued)
• Activity 3-3: Simplifying IPv6 Addresses
• Time Required: 10 minutes
• Objective: Transcribe IPv6 addresses using rules for
simplification
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Introduction to IPv6 (continued)
• IPv6 addresses
– Can be written with CIDR notation for subnetting an
address
• For example, the following address represents a 48bit network address
1075:5:ab12::/48
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IPv6 Address Types
• IPv6 addresses fall into the following types
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Link-local addresses
Unique local addresses
Global addresses
Multicast addresses
Special addresses
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IPv6 Address Types (continued)
• Activity 3-4: Using IPconfig to Determine Link-Local
Addresses
• Time Required: 5 minutes
• Objective: Use IPconfig to determine a link-local
address
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Configuring Clients for IPv4 and IPv6
• DHCP
– Automates the allocation of IP addresses through a
server-based role
• APIPA addresses
– Allow clients on the same subnet to communicate
without DHCP or manual configuration
• Alternate configuration
– Used to set a static IP address in your IP configuration
that will be used if DHCP is not available
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Configuring Clients for IPv4 and IPv6
(continued)
• Activity 3-6: Manually Configuring DHCP with an
Alternate IP Address Configuration
• Time Required: 10 minutes
• Objective: Configure a client to use DHCP and an
alternate IP configuration
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Configuring Clients for IPv4 and IPv6
(continued)
• Manually configuring IP addresses
– Often referred to as static configuration or a static IP
addresses
• Static IP addresses
– Commonly used on servers where a dynamic IP
address would affect network resources
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Configuring Clients for IPv4 and IPv6
(continued)
• Activity 3-7: Manually Configuring a Static IP
Address Using Network Connections
• Time Required: 10 minutes
• Objective: Configure a client with manual IP
addressing
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Configuring Clients for IPv4 and IPv6
(continued)
• Activity 3-8: Manually Configuring an IP Address
Using netsh
• Time Required: 10 minutes
• Objective: Configure a client with manual IP
addressing using netsh
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Configuring Clients for IPv4 and IPv6
(continued)
• Almost all computers automatically configure IPv6
settings
• Configuration methods
– Stateless and stateful
• DHCPv6
– Main function is to provide clients with secondary
network configuration information
• Neighbor Discovery
– Protocol used by IPv6 clients for router discovery on
a network
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Manual Configuration Through the
GUI
• Activity 3-9: Manually Configure a Static IP Address
Using Network Connections
• Time Required: 10 minutes
• Objective: Configure a client with manual IP
addressing
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Manual Configuration with Netsh
• Netsh
– Can be used to manually configure your Windows
Server 2008 server with a static IP address
– Syntax to add an IPv6 address
netsh interface ipv6 add address
“interface” address
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Manual Configuration with Netsh
(continued)
• Activity 3-10: Manually Configuring an IP Address
Using netsh
• Time Required: 10 minutes
• Objective: Configure a client with manual IP
addressing using netsh
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Upgrading Your Network to IPv6
• Dual-Layer IP stack
– TCP/IP stack in Windows Server 2008 uses duallayer architecture
• IPv6 over IPv4
– Tunnels that can be created
• Router-to-router
• Host-to-router and router-to-host
• Host-to-host
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ISATAP
• Allows IPv6 routers and hosts to communicate
across IPv4 networks
• Requires a router that supports ISATAP
• Interface ID is separated into two parts
– First 32 bits are either 0:5efe for a private address or
200:5efe for a public address
– Last 32 bits are the IPv4 address
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6to4
• Uses tunneling of IPv6 packets over an IPv4
network
• Stores the IPv4 address of the ISATAP router in
bits 17 to 48
• Encapsulates only the IPv4 router’s IP address, not
the destination client
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Teredo
• Allows IPv6 hosts to communicate over IPv4
networks that use NAT
• Works only with NAT implementations that support
UDP port translation
• Should always be implemented with a client-based
stateful firewall
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Using Netsh to Configure Transition
Technologies
• To determine the current state of ISATAP
netsh interface isatap show state
• To enable ISATAP
netsh interface isatap set state
enabled
• If ISATAP is enabled and needs to be disabled
netsh interface isatap set state
disabled
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Using Netsh to Configure Transition
Technologies (continued)
• Activity 3-11: Manually Configuring Clients to Use
ISATAP
• Time Required: 10 minutes
• Objective: Configure a Windows Server 2008 client
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Enabling Teredo
• To determine the current state of Teredo
netsh interface ipv6 show teredo
• To enable Teredo for workgroup clients
netsh interface ipv6 set teredo client
• To enable Teredo for Active Directory clients
netsh interface ipv6 set teredo
enterpriseclient
• To view the Teredo status after enabling Teredo
netsh interface teredo show state
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Enabling Teredo (continued)
• Activity 3-12: Manually Configuring Clients to Use
Teredo
• Time Required: 10 minutes
• Objective: Configure a Windows Server 2008 client
to use Teredo
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Disabling IPv6
• For a specific network adapter
– You can disable IPv6 using the Network
Connections window and by editing the Registry
• To use the Registry to disable all of IPv6 on a
computer, create the following Registry key
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentContro
lSet\Services\TCPIP6\Parameters\
DisabledComponents
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Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networking
• Ipconfig
– Displays the current IP configuration on your local
client
– Provides basic IP information
– Ipconfig /all command
• A good way to start troubleshooting clients that have
problems accessing network resources
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Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networking
(continued)
• Ping
– Utility that determines whether a target host is on
and responding to communication
– Works by sending an ICMP echo request packet to
the target
– By default, sends a 32-byte packet four times before
exiting
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Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networking
(continued)
• Pathping
– Used to map the hops a packet must make to reach
a target
• Tracert
– Command-line tool for tracing the route between two
nodes
• Netstat
– Command-line tool for displaying network
connection information such as routing tables
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Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networking
(continued)
• Activity 3-13: Using Command-Line Utilities for
Troubleshooting
• Time Required: 20 minutes
• Objective: Perform troubleshooting tasks using
command-line utilities
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Network Troubleshooting Methodology
• Effective troubleshooting
– Requires a logical and systematic approach that
rules out possible areas of failure and allows you to
narrow the search for the root cause of the failure
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Summary
• Network
– Can be described according to its scale,
methodology, architecture, topology, and protocol
• Networks
– Have many components necessary for transmission
of data including NICs, switches, and routers
• Routers
– Use IP addresses to route traffic between networks
• IPv4
– Current industry standard for network addressing
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Summary (continued)
• IPv4 IP addresses
– 32-bit numbers split into four octets separated by
decimal points
• IPv6
– Future standard for network addressing
• IPv6 addresses
– 128-bit numbers split into eight groups of four
hexadecimal numbers
• Subnetting
– Divides a larger network into smaller networks
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Summary (continued)
• Private IP addresses as defined by RFC 1918
– Include three IP ranges that are not publicly routable
• Two types of IPv4 addressing exist: classful and
classless
• When deploying IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, you
can:
– Manually configure static IP addresses, or
– You can use automatic allocation
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