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ANCIENT
GREECE
GARDINER CHAPTER 5-4
PP. 121-125
CLASSICAL SCULPTURE
CLASSICAL PERIOD in Greek art begins in 480 with the
defeat of the Persians
Early Classical sculptors break away from the rigid and
unnatural Egyptian-inspired pose of Archaic kouroi ->
replaced by contrapposto -> disappearance of the
Archaic smile
SEVERE or EARLY CLASSICAL: 480 B.C.E. -> 5th century
Artists: Kritios
Artworks: pedimental sculpture from the Temple of Artemis,
Temple of Aphaia, Kritios Boy
Descriptions: contrapposto, movement
KRITIOS BOY
From the Acropolis, Athens, 480BCE, marble, 2’10”
high
One of the most important works of Greek
sculpture
Originally thought to be sculpted by Kritios
Slight dip to the right hip, showing shifting of weight
onto his left leg
Right leg bent -> at ease
Head turns slightly to the right and tilts
CONTRAPPOSTO = counter-balance -> weight shift
-> this separates Classical from Archaic Greek
statuary
RIACE WARRIOR
Warrior from the sea off of Riace,
Italy 460-450 BCE
One of a pair of bronze statues ->
nearly intact missing only shield,
spear and helmet
Masterpiece of hollow casting
Inlaid eyes, silver teeth and
eyelashes, copper lips and nipples
Weight shift more pronounced
than Kritios Boy -> head turns right,
shoulders tilt, hips swing, arms
freed from body
NATURAL MOTION IN SPACE
HOLLOW-CASTING
LIFE-SIZE BRONZE
STATUES
Requires great skill
Large statues were hollow-cast by the CIRE PERDUE
(LOST-WAX) method
Cast in parts -> head, arms, torso
1.
Full-size clay model
2.
clay master mold made around model then removed in
sections
3.
pieces of master mold reassembled
4.
layer of bees wax applied to inside of each mold
5.
mold removed
6.
hollow wax model corrected and detailed
7.
final clay model applied to wax mold and interior of wax
mold filled with a liquid clay core
8.
pins driven in to connect inner core and outer mold
9.
Wax melted out and molten bronze poured in its place
10.
Outer mold and inner clay core removed
11.
Statue pieces soldered together, surface smoothed,
inlays added
CHARIOTEER OF DELPHI
Bronze statue from Delphi 470 BCE
Originally part of a group
representing a team of horse
pulling a chariot driven by this
charioteer
Dedicated by Polyzalos, a tyrant,
who wanted to commemorate a
chariot race victory at the games
at Delphi
Stands in almost Archaic pose ->
but, slightly turned head and
separated feet show the Severe
Style of Early Classical
(2-additional/chapter 5) ARTEMISION ZUES
Early Classical
c. 460-450 B.C.E
Bronze
Early Classical bronze statue of
either Zeus hurling thunderbolt or
Poseidon with triton
Found off the coast of Greece at
Cape Artemision
460-450 BCE
Both arms boldly extended, right
heel raised off the ground
FLASHCARD
MYRON, DISKOBOLOS
Diskobolos (Discus Thrower) by
the Early Classical master
MYRON
Original bronze is lost -> only
Roman marble copies survive
Tree trunk added to copy to
support weight of stone
Vigorous action statue ->
composed in almost Archaic
manner w/profile limbs and
nearly frontal chest
In-between motion, mid swing
Expressionless face
Use of negative space
HIGH CLASSICAL PERIOD
450-400 B.C.E
Early Classical period 480-450 ->
began with the defeat of the
Persians -> all Greek city-states join
to defeat Xerxes
CLASSICAL: 450 B.C.E. -> 5th century
Artists: Phidias, Polykleitos, Myron
Athens emerges as the great
power -> forms the Delian League
Artworks: Riace Warrior,
Zeus/Poseidon, Doryphoros,
Diskobolos, Nike Adjusting her Sandal
Delian League morphs into an
Athenian empire -> finances the
Acropolis
Descriptions: idealization,
unemotional, perfection, selfcontained
POLYKLEITOS’S
PRESCRIPTION FOR
THE PERFECT STATUE
Greeks believed that beauty
resided in harmonious numerical
ratios
POLYKLEITOS = mid-5th century
sculptor who defined the heroic
form of Classical sculpture ->
recorded his principles and the
proportions is his lost treatise
Canon
Mathematical formula for
perfection -> the head should be
1/7th of the body, etc.
FLASHCARD
(2-34) DORYPHOROS (SPEAR BEARER)
Polykleitos
Original 450-440 B.C.E.
Roman copy (marble) of Greek original (bronze)
Roman marble copy from Pompeii, after a bronze original,
450-440 BCE, 6’11”
Polykleitos’s vision of the ideal statue of a nude male athlete
or warrior
Culmination of the evolution of Greek statuary from the
Archaic kouros to the Kritios Boy to the Riace warrior
Pronounced contrapposto -> aim was to impose order on
human movement -> to make it beautiful and perfect it
System of cross balance for all parts of the body ->
alternating tense and relaxed elements of the body -> left
arm and right leg are relaxed, right arm and left leg are
tensed
Asymmetrical balance -> motion while at rest -> the harmony
of opposites = the Polykleitan style
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5.
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