Transcript Spread PR - UniFreshmanHistory

Pax Romana
Overview
• Intro
– Prosperity
– State Functions
• Emperors and Political History
• Romanization of Provinces
Roman Emperors
• Overview
– Heredity
– “Good” “Bad” “Crazy”
– Lurking Power of Army
•
•
•
•
Julio-Claudians
Flavians
Five Good Emperors
Conclusion
aaa
2
4
3
5
Tiberius (Ruled 14-37 AD)
Julio-Claudians
• Augustus
• Tiberius
• Caligula
Gaius (37-44), nicknamed Caligula
(“little boot”) by the troops from when
he was a little boy, was branded a total
madman by ancient historians.
Considering that he supposedly made
his horse a consul, they were probably
right.
Julio-Claudians
• Augustus
• Tiberius
• Caligula
• Claudius
Gaius (37-44), nicknamed Caligula
(“little boot”) by the troops from when
he was a little boy, was branded a total
madman by ancient historians.
Considering that he supposedly made
his horse a consul, they were probably
right.
After the murder of the worthless Caligula, the Praetorian Guard found his cousin, Claudius,
hiding behind a curtain and declared him the new emperor. Supposedly Claudius had played
dumb to escape notice (and execution) in the unpredictable world of court politics.
In fact, Claudius was well educated in literature
and medicine as seen where he treats a patient
for some sort of ailment (left). The empire
continued to prosper under his rule.
Nero, emperor from 54-68 CE, came to the throne at age 17. He was initially a good ruler, but later on
turned into something of a tyrant. However, imperial government ran smoothly during his reign.
Julio-Claudians
• Augustus
• Tiberius
• Caligula
• Claudius
• Nero
Among Nero’s antics was taking part in the chariot races in the Olympic Games, which, of
course, he won. After his death, officials at Olympia purged the record of this travesty.
In July, 64 C.E., a massive fire destroyed much of Rome. Modern archaeological research has found an iron
gate melted down by the heat of the blaze. The historian Tacitus tells us that many people suspected Nero of
setting the fire, so he deflected blame on a new religious sect, the Christians.
While he did persecute the Christians, as Hollywood emphasized in the 1950s, there were too few Christians
in Rome or the empire to amount to much at the time. The really serious persecutions did not take place until
the late 3rd century.
When rebels led by the general, Galba, were closing in on Nero, he committed suicide,
exclaiming “What an artist in me dies.”
Nero’s death signaled the end of the
Julio-Claudian dynasty and triggered a 4way struggle for the throne in what
became known as the Year of Four
Emperors (69 C.E.).
Galba
Otho
Vespasian
Vitellius
Flavians
Vespasian (69-78) re-established strong stable rule for the empire.
Titus (78-80), Vespasian’s son and successor finished putting down the
Jewish revolt and displayed the plunder from the temple as seen on his
triumphal arch (below right). He also was responsible for the building
of the Roman Colisseum (bottom left).
Domitian (80-96) was especially hated by the Roman historian,
Tacitus, who claimed he was so sadistic that he would spend his time
catching flies and pulling off their wings.
Nerva (96-98) was the first of the five “Good emperors” who were
chosen for their ability and appointed successors on the basis of their
ability. The last of these emperors, Marcus Aurelius (161-180),
finally broke the pattern by having his son, Commodus, succeed him.
Nerva’s chosen successor, Trajan (98-117), conquered
Dacia north of the Danube River. It was the last
province conquered by Rome and would be the first
one given up.
Trajan’s Column in Rome, with its imposing
spiral relief sculpture depicting his Dacian
campaigns, is one of our best sources of
information about the Roman army during the
Pax Romana, showing details of his campaign
as well as the tactics and equipment of the
Roman army at that time.
An overview of
Trajan’s Forum
By his death in 117 CE, Trajan had defeated the Parthians and added Mesopotamia to the empire,
bringing it to its greatest extent.
Trajan’s empire
Hadrian is probably best remembered for
Hadrian’s Wall, the line of fortifications he
built across northern Britain.
Antoninus Pius (138-161) continued to oversee the Pax Romana, with
nothing dramatic happening during his reign. However, the reign of his
successor, Marcus Aurelius (161-180) would see what would prove to be the
beginning of the end for the Roman Empire.
Antoninus Pius (138-161)
Marcus Aurelius (161-180)
Conclusion
• Commodus
• How Much Control Did An Emperor Have?
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
Non-citizen
Citizen legionaries
soldiers (settle by marry local women
camp & become
& settle by camp
citizens after their
after their
discharge
discharge
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’
villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural
areas which keep older native cultures
Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which
serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride
Cities in East retain older
Greek lang. & culture
Cities less deeply rooted
in W. Emp. than East
Greek culture carried
on by Byzantine (E.
Roman) Emp. (FC.44)
Cities & civiliz. decline
drastically after fall of
W. Rom. Emp. (FC.36)
Despite the decline after fall of W. Roman Empire, civilization
survives in Byz. Emp. & monasteries in W. Europe Revives
during the Italian Renaissance in 1400s (FC.76)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed where?
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace->
promoted
what?
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Whom did
many city
dwellers act
like & why?
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Peacetime
army builds
what?
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
Lugdunum
-Founded after Caesar
conquers Gaul
-Becomes Admin Center
-2nd Century: 40-200,000
peopl
-Aqueducts and drainage
-Run by a sort of
“senate” and has
Republican officials (e.g.
Quaestors)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Who would settle near the
camp?
Non-citizen
Citizen legionaries
soldiers (settle by marry local women
camp & become
& settle by camp
citizens after their
after their
discharge
discharge
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Citizen legionaries
What did nonmarry local women
citizen soldiers get
& settle by camp
& do after their
after their
terms of service?
discharge
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Non-citizen
Where did citizen
soldiers (settle by
legionaries settle
camp & become
down and with
citizens after their
whom?
discharge
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Non-citizen
Citizen legionaries
soldiers (settle by marry local women
camp & become
& settle by camp
citizens after their
after their
discharge
discharge
Where did heavy Romanization esp. take
place?
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Non-citizen
Citizen legionaries
soldiers (settle by marry local women
camp & become
& settle by camp
citizens after their
after their
discharge
discharge
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’
villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural
areas which keep older native cultures
Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of?
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Non-citizen
Citizen legionaries
soldiers (settle by marry local women
camp & become
& settle by camp
citizens after their
after their
discharge
discharge
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’
villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural
areas which keep older native cultures
Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which
serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride
How Romanized were
cities in the East?
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
Non-citizen
Citizen legionaries
soldiers (settle by marry local women
camp & become
& settle by camp
citizens after their
after their
discharge
discharge
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’
villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural
areas which keep older native cultures
Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which
serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride
Cities in East retain older
Greek lang. & culture
Greek culture carried
on by Byzantine (E.
Roman) Emp. (FC.44)
Cities in W compared to
East?
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
Non-citizen
Citizen legionaries
soldiers (settle by marry local women
camp & become
& settle by camp
citizens after their
after their
discharge
discharge
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’
villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural
areas which keep older native cultures
Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which
serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride
Cities in East retain older
Greek lang. & culture
Cities less deeply rooted
in W. Emp. than East
Greek culture carried
on by Byzantine (E.
Roman) Emp. (FC.44)
Cities & civiliz. In West
after the fall of the W.
Roman Empire?
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
Non-citizen
Citizen legionaries
soldiers (settle by marry local women
camp & become
& settle by camp
citizens after their
after their
discharge
discharge
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’
villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural
areas which keep older native cultures
Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which
serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride
Cities in East retain older
Greek lang. & culture
Cities less deeply rooted
in W. Emp. than East
Greek culture carried
on by Byzantine (E.
Roman) Emp. (FC.44)
Cities & civiliz. decline
drastically after fall of
W. Rom. Emp. (FC.36)
Long term fate of Roman civ. After fall of W. Empire?
FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN
EUROPE a
A
DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.)
Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Britain (FC.32)
Rome conquers
Dacia (FC.32)
Roman troops are stationed in the provinces
Rome
conquers
Spain
(FC.29B)
Peace
promotes
growth of
native towns
into cities
Cities copy
Roman govt.
& customs
Gain Roman
citizenship
Military camps grow into
Roman cities since:
Merchants & other camp
followers settle near the camp
Peacetime
army builds
51,000 miles
of paved
roads
Caesar
conquers
Gaul
(FC.31)
Non-citizen
Citizen legionaries
soldiers (settle by marry local women
camp & become
& settle by camp
citizens after their
after their
discharge
discharge
Influx of trade
& Roman &
Italian
merchants to
the provinces
Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’
villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural
areas which keep older native cultures
Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which
serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride
Cities in East retain older
Greek lang. & culture
Cities less deeply rooted
in W. Emp. than East
Greek culture carried
on by Byzantine (E.
Roman) Emp. (FC.44)
Cities & civiliz. decline
drastically after fall of
W. Rom. Emp. (FC.36)
Despite the decline after fall of W. Roman Empire, civilization
survives in Byz. Emp. & monasteries in W. Europe Revives
during the Italian Renaissance in 1400s (FC.76)