Transcript Rome - southsidehistory

Ancient
Rome
Vocabulary Terms- Ancient Rome
1. Define the following terms: republic,
patricians, consuls, dictator, plebeians,
tribune, veto, legion, imperialism, latifudia,
messiah, clergy, bishop, pope, heresy,
inflation, mercenaries
2. Locate and identify on a map - Rome,
Carthage, Alps, Rhine River, Tiber River,
Po River, Danube River, Rubicon River,
Adriatic Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ionian Sea,
Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily
Map of the Mediterranean Region
People, events, places, and ideas significant to the
Roman period.
Etruscans, Latins, Carthage, Punic Wars, Tiberius
and Gaius Gracchus, Julius Caesar, Augustus,
Hadrian, Pax Romana, Virgil and the Aeneid,
Ptolemy, Jesus of Nazareth, apostles, Paul,
Augustine, Diocletian, Constantine,
Constantinople, Huns, Germanic tribes (Visigoths,
Ostrogoths)
Seven Hills of Rome
Ancient Rome
• Geography
▫ Advantages:
• Origins of the Roman people and their influences on
Roman society and culture
▫ Latins
▫ Greeks
▫ Etruscans
The Etruscans
Toga- Etruscans
Emblem of the Spanish Civil Guard
Fasces
Roman Society
• Patricians (from the Latin patres, or “father”)
• Plebeians (Latin for “multitude”)
• women, children, and slaves ?
• Roman society was patriarchal.
Roman Virtus
1. pietas
2. fides
3. gravitas
4. dignitas
5. constantia
These virtues were taught to young
Romans.
Chronology
▫ The Legendary Founding of Rome is 753 B.C.
▫ Period of Monarchy 753 B.C. - 509 B.C.
▫ Period of the Republic 509 B.C. – c. 27 B.C.
▫ Imperial Period c. 27 B.C. - 476 A.D.
Romulus and Remus
Period of the Roman Republic (c.509-27 B.C.)
• The Roman Republic
▫ In 509 B.C., the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan
king and established a republic.
▫ republic (res publica)
▫ How does a democracy differ from a republic?
▫ Composition:
▫ Senate (300 patricians)
▫ Consuls (2 with limited terms and the power to veto)
▫ Plebeians?
▫ dictators?
Cincinnatus
Political Rights for the Plebeians
• What was the difference between patricians and plebeians?
• Why were the plebeians important to Rome?
471 B.C., the Council of Plebs was created
• tribunes
287 B.C., the Council of Plebs could pass laws that applied to all
Romans
• Plebeians and the Law?
450 B.C., Twelve Tables
(written code of laws)
Rome’s Early Expansion
• By 338 B.C., Rome subdued all of the Latin states in its
surrounding area.
• The Greeks in southern Italy were defeated, and the Romans
acquired virtually all of Italy by 264 B.C.
Why was Rome successful?
• Rome’s early success was a credit to its diplomacy and efficient
and effective military
• The Roman Confederation
▫ some conquered peoples were
given full citizenship; most became
allies
▫ allies administered their own
affairs but provided tribute and soldiers
to Rome
▫ Loyal allies could become Roman citizens
Further Expansion- The Punic Wars
Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between
Carthage and Rome over control of trade in the
Mediterranean Sea.
First Punic War (264 -241 B.C.)
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Roman army sent to Sicily
Carthage (Punicus)
Development of the Roman navy
Victory for the Romans
Carthage vowed revenge
Rome vs. Carthage
Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.)
• Carthaginian general- Hannibal
• Attacked Rome by land by crossing the Alps
 46,000 men
 37 battle elephants
 Horses
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Battle at Cannae (216 B.C.)- Roman defeat
By 206 B.C. Carthaginians removed from Spain
Rome’s attack on Carthage (Publius Scipio)
Battle of Zama (202 B.C.)- Roman victory
Third Punic War (146 B.C.)
• Rome called for the destruction of Carthage
• Carthage burned
• Carthaginians sold into slavery
• Rome dominant in the Mediterranean Sea
▫ While Rome was engaged in the Punic Wars it also
expanded eastward
 Eastern Mediterranean (230-130 B.C.)
 Mare Nostrum (Latin for “our sea”)
 Rapid territorial expansion created political, social, and
economic problems in the Roman Republic
Crisis in the Roman Republic
• Exploiting the Roman Provinces
▫ Non-Italian, conquered territories became provinces and were
required to pay tribute to Rome and accept Roman authority
▫ proconsuls, bribery, and graft (corruption)
▫ provincial rebellion and the permanent placement of soldiers in
many provinces = $$$
Latifundia
•Latifundia were large,
agricultural estates created from
conquered territory (provinces).
Wealthy patricians operated the
latifundia.
•Cheap Land (conquered territory)
•Cheap Labor (slaves)
•Cheap Grain
•Who suffered as a result of the
Latifundia?
•Who made up the backbone of the
Roman army?
•Where did Romans that had been
dispossessed of their land go?
Reformers and Generals
▫ Reform Attempts
▫ The Gracchi Brothers (133 B.C.- 121 B.C.)
 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
 Reform-minded aristocrats; the senate had
them killed
▫ Politics and the Military- Shift in Loyalty
▫ General Gaius Marius (elected consul 107 B.C.)
 Marius gave army jobs to Rome’s poor and promised them land
 Formation of a professional army loyal to their general
▫ General Lucius Cornelius Sulla (seized Rome in 82 B.C.)
 Civil War (82 B.C.-31 B.C.)
 Sulla seized power militarily
The Collapse of the Republic
• Civil War (82-31 B.C.)
• The First Triumvirate
▫ Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar (60 B.C.)
▫ Crassus was killed (53 B.C.) and the Senate selected Pompey to
rule Rome
▫ J. Caesar refused to give up his military command when the
senate demanded it
▫ Instead, Caesar used his army to defeat Pompey in battle and
seize power in Rome
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Became dictator in 47 B.C.
Instituted programs to benefit the poor
Increased the size of the senate
A group of senators assassinated him in 44 B.C.
• The Second Triumvirate formed after Caesar’s death
• Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son), Marc Antony, and Lepidus
• In 31 B.C., Octavian defeated Antony at the Battle of Actium,
thus began the Age of Augustus
• The Roman senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus, “the
revered one”
The Roman Empire
• Augustus Caesar-The Age of Augustus 27 B.C.- 14 A.D.
▫ Augustus’ standing army
▫ Battles with the Germania
▫ Pax Romana, “Roman Peace”
Nero
Marcus Aurelius
• The Early Empire 14 A.D. - 180 A.D.
• Augustus’ successors- Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero
• The Soldier Emperors, the so-called “Good Emperors”: Nerva, Trajan,
Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
• commercial expansion, massive engineering feats, and more conquests
• Death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 A.D., end of the Pax Romana
Rome and Religion
The traditional Roman religion
• Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, and Mars- based on the Greek gods
• Emperors considered to be gods
• Romans believed that their success at empire building meant the gods
favored them
• The Romans were tolerant of other religions provided that all recognize
the Roman state religion also. Problem?
Judaism is the Roman Empire
• In the first century B.C., Judea became a Roman province
• Judaism and monotheism (Rome made an exception)
• high taxes and corruption
• Zealots/rebellion against Rome in 66 A.D.
• Destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem in 70 A.D.
• Diaspora
Christianity from Judaism
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Jesus of Nazareth (c.4 B.C.-29 A.D.)
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Jewish teachings
The Disciples
The New Testament and the Gospels
Saul of Tarsus (Paul)
The Rise of Christianity
Reasons for Christianity’s growth:
1. More personal than the Roman religions and offered eternal life and
salvation (popularity of eastern mystery cults)
2. Offered immortality through the sacrificial death of a savior-god
3. Fulfilled the human need to belong
Christianity prospered in the fourth century A.D.
• Constantine became the first Christian emperor of Rome
• Edict of Milan (313 A.D.) Christianity tolerated in the empire
• Under Theodosius (395 A.D.), Christianity became the state
religion of Rome
[*A.D. means anno Domini, “the year of our lord”]
The Growth of Christianity
The Growth of Christianity
The Growth of Christianity
The Decline of the Empire
• Political instability following the death of Marcus Aurelius in
180 A.D.
• 192-284 A.D. the army installed 28 emperors; most of them
were killed
• Other Significant Problems:
• foreign invasion
(Germanic tribes and Persians)
• disease
• civil war
• economic problems
* Rome began to hire Germanic warriors to serve
as auxiliary troops in the army.
Reform Efforts
• Diocletian (284-305 A.D.)
• Enlarged the army
• Divided the empire into two administrative sections
• Administering the vast territories of the empire had drained
Rome’s treasury
• Strict price and wage controls for the empire
 Edict of Prices- wages were set and so was the maximum prices for
goods
 Farmers who rented were bound to the land for life
• Constantine (312-337 A.D.)
▫ Economic policies
▫ Established a new capital at Byzantium (330 A.D.)
▫ Byzantium, renamed Constantinople, became the center of the
Roman Empire in the East (The Byzantine empire)
▫ After Constantine’s rule, Rome had two capitals, Rome in the west
and Constantinople in the east.
** Constantine was the first Roman emperor to accept Christianity
• Theodosius the Great (r.337-395 A.D.)
 395 A.D.- Divided the Roman empire into two separate empire.
 Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
 Greek, commercial, Orthodox Christianity
 Roman Empire (Western Roman Empire)
 Latin, agricultural, Catholic Christianity
The Fall of the Roman Empire
The Barbarian Invasions
Germanic tribes- Visigoths, Ostrogoths,
Vandals, Franks, Angles, Saxon
• Why did they invade Rome?
▫ Warmer climates and better land
▫ Many wanted a share of Rome’s wealth
▫ The migration of the Asiatic Huns
forced the Germanic tribes to press into
the empire
Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New
History of Rome and the Barbarians (2006)
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Visigoths defeated a Roman army at Adrianople in 378 A.D.
410 A.D. the Visigoths sacked Rome
455 A.D. the Vandals attacked Rome
476 A.D. the last emperor of the western Roman empire, Romulus
Augustulus, was deposed
The Huns
The Visigoths, under their warlord
Alaric, sack Rome in A.D. 410.
Rome’s Fall in West
• The eastern Roman empire, the Byzantine Empire, continued
to flourish for 1000 years until the fifteenth century A.D.
• The western Roman empire no longer existed as a political
entity. Instead, it was dismantled and became a region of
numerous German kingdoms.
• The medieval society that followed the fall of Rome blended
elements of Roman society (law, Latin, Church) with those of
the Germanic societies (leadership, customs)
Ancient Rome Vocabulary
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republic- a form of government in which the leader is not a king and
certain citizens have the right to vote
patricians- the wealthy and powerful class of people in ancient Rome
plebeians- commoners; the lower social class in ancient Rome
consul- one of the two ancient Roman officials elected annually to rule
the republic
dictator- a ruler with total power (power usually obtained by force)
tribune- an official in ancient Rome chosen by the plebeians to protect
their interests
veto- to reject a decision or proposal made by a legislative body
legion- a unit of men in the ancient Roman army (up to 6,000)
imperialism- the extension of a nation’s power over other lands
latifundia- a large landed estate in ancient Rome
messiah- promised deliverer of the Jewish people prophesized in the
Hebrew Bible
clergy- people empowered with religious duties (priests, bishops)
bishop- an official of the Church, empowered to confer holy orders
pope- the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church
heresy- belief that is contrary to that of the established religion
inflation- a rapid increase in prices
mercenaries- soldiers who fight for pay