Transcript WHCH_52 - TeacherPage.com

World History
Chapter Five
Section Two
Conquest
• Carthage – city-state in North Africa settled by
Phoenician traders
• Ruled over area in north Africa and the
western Mediterranean
• Rome expanded and met Carthage which led
to fighting between the two
Punic Wars
• Three Punic wars between Rome and
Carthage
• First Punic War – Rome defeated Carthage and
won control of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica.
• Second Punic War – Carthage attack led by
Hannibal – led troops from North Africa,
across the straight of Gibraltar, over the
Pyrenees and the Alps, to Rome
• One-third of Hannibal’s army was lost in trek
Hannibal
• Surprised Romans and for fifteen years he waged
war on the Romans all across Italy
• Could never capture Rome as army was too small
to do so
• To get rid of Hannibal, Rome attacked Carthage
• Hannibal had to return to defend homeland and
he was defeated there by Scipio Africanus –
Roman general
• Carthage was defeated and gave up all land
outside of Africa
Punic Wars
• Third Punic War –
• “Carthage must be destroyed” – Cato
• Carthage was destroyed by Rome and salt
poured on the ground to make sure nothing
could grow there
• City was burned and walls destroyed – all
survivors were sold into slavery – 50,000
• City was later rebuilt by Rome as a city of their
own
Imperialism
• Imperialism – establishing control over foreign
lands and people
• Expanded east – fought the
Greeks/Macedonians for control of Alexander
the Greats old empire
• Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor fell to Rome
• Egypt allied with Rome
Rome at Home
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Trade increased
New wealthy merchants emerged
More money in Rome
Wealthy families bought large amounts of
land – latifundia
• Forced captured to people to be slaves on the
latifundia
Slave Labor
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Farmers could not compete with the slave labor
Imported grains from foreign lands
Both of these caused farmers to go into debt
Farmers went to Rome to find jobs
Large unemployed population – unrest
New money led to increased corruption – greed
and self-interest replaced the qualities that Rome
was founded on – hard work, simplicity, devotion
to duty
Reform
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – brothers and
patricians, attempted to reform the Republic
• Tiberius created a tribune to that was supposed
to give land to farmers
• Gaius – created another reform in which food
was given to the poor
• Reforms angered the Senate – thought it was
taking their power away
• Brothers and followers were killed by the
senators who hired criminals to kill them
Republic Declines
• Could not solve problems – civil wars broke out
• Cause: Senate wanted to keep power and
reformers wanted to weaken the senate and pass
reforms to help people
• Elsewhere Rome’s allies and controlled lands
were also revolting
• Army was now under control of general in charge
and was more loyal to leader than to Rome
Julius Caesar
• Military commander – conquered Gaul after nine
years of fighting
• Pompey – another Roman general was afraid of
Caesar’s power and convinced the Senate to
order him to disband his army return to Rome
• Caesar refused and snuck into Rome after
crossing the Rubicon river and began a civil war
• Caesar defeated Pompey and his men
Caesar
• He then took it upon himself to put down all
rebellions in the Mediterranean area
• “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I came, I saw, I conquered
• Returned to Rome after victories and forced
the Senate to make him the dictator of Rome
• He kept the senate around but was in absolute
control
Caesar’s Reforms
• Public works programs to help the
unemployed
• Reorganized the government of provinces
• Gave citizenship to more people
• New calendar based on the Egyptians
Caesar Killed
• People worried Caesar would declare himself
king of Rome
• Plot by Senators to kill him – lured him by
telling him there was a petition for him to
read
• Casca tried to stab him in the throat, Caesar
stopped him
• He was stabbed to death by Brutus on the Ides
of March – (March 15) 44 B.C.
Fight for Power
• After Caesar’s death Mark Antony – Caesar’s
chief general and Octavian, Caesar’s
grandnephew, fought for power
• Octavian defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra
• Given the title Augustus by the Senate after
victory
• Did not call himself king – as they hated the
term but he acted like one and declared his
successor
Augustus
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Built stable empire
High-level jobs open to all intelligent men
Used civil servants to enforce laws
Ordered a census – population count – for
accurate tax records
• Postal service and new coins
• Gave jobless work – building roads, temples, farm
• One problem – who would rule when emperor
died?
Bad Emperors
• Often fought over who would be ruler, named
• Caligula and Nero – thought to be evil and
crazy
• Caligula – made his favorite horse his consul
• Nero – persecuted Christians – blamed for
setting fire that destroyed a lot of Rome
Good Emperors
• Hadrian – codified Roman law – making it the
same for everyone
• Built wall in Britain to protect Romans from
attacks from the north – Hadrian’s Wall
• Marcus Aurelius – close to being Plato’s
“Philosopher King”
• Pax Romana – Roman Peace – began with
Augustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius
Pax Romana
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Peace, order, unity, prosperity in Roman empire
Lasted for 200 years
Maintained roads
Navy chased pirates
Egyptians supplied grain
Ivory, gold, lions and other animals – Africa
Spices, cotton, precious stones – India
Silk Road from China brought in other items
Spread of ideas and culture because of trade
Entertainment
• Circus Maximus – racecourse – chariots ran on an
oval course
• Fans of the races bet on them
• Gladiator contests were the most popular
• Most gladiators were slaves trained to fight
• A good fighter could win freedom
• Thumbs up – save him, Thumbs down – kill him
• Good economic times hid the social problems
• “bread and circus” economics – bad for Rome
Gladiator Fight Scene