Transcript File - Hawk History

End of the Golden Age
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After the golden age,
Greece entered a period
of struggle
Athens declined in POWER
Bitter competition between
the city-states of Greece
persisted
Macedon was a
rising kingdom in
northern Greece
Macedon
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They were a war-like
people who lived in
villages
Each village was governed
by local nobles
Kings ruled only with
the HELP of nobles
359BC a young man
named Philip II of
Macedon became King
Philip II of Macedon
In his youth he had
been a hostage in
Thebes for three years!
 He had come to admire
the Greek ways
 He learned about
the organization of
the Thebes army
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Philip II of Macedon
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Macedonia had relied on
nobles to supply troops
for the army
Phillip did NOT want
to rely on others to
secure his rule
He recruited and
organized the bestdisciplined army in
Macedonia history
Phillip organized his
infantry into phalanxes
which idea he borrowed
from the Greeks
Philip’s Phalanxes
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Phalanx: contained
rows of soldiers standing
shoulder to shoulder
They carried pikes, or
heavy spears, up to
about 18 feet long
Tightly spaced, with
pikes forward, these
soldiers were especially
effective against cavalry
charges
Phillip’s Goals
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Philip’s first goal was to
restore order in Macedon
Philip then won control of
several Athenian colonies
Philip then turned his attention
to the heartland of Greece
Greeks had differing views
of Philip
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Some saw him as a savior
who could unify Greece
Others felt that he threatened
their freedom
Demosthenes
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One of Athens finest orators, or
public speakers, was Demosthenes
He led Athenian opposition
to Philip II
He attacked Philip in a series
of speeches
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Tried to use speeches in turning
Athens against Phillip
City-states failed to follow
Athens lead, Philip’s army
defeated them one-by-one
Philip defeated Thebes and
Athens at the battle of Chaeronea
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Uniting Greece under his rule with
that victory
Philip II of Macedon
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Philip organized city-states
into a league and planned
to invade Persia
Philip never achieved this goal
 In 336BC Philip was
assassinated
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Philip’s 20 year-old son,
Alexander, succeeded him
He became known as
Alexander the Great
Philip of
Macedon's
Empire
Alexander the Great
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Alexander received the
best training and
education possible
He received military
training in the
Macedonian army
He received his formal
education from Greek
philosopher Aristotle
This prepared Alexander
well for leadership
Alexander the Great
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Alexander was even more
skilled than his father as
a military commander
He was physically strong
and brave
He showed courage
in battle and won the
loyalty of his troops
Troops were willing to
follow him into unknown
lands
Alexander the Great
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Alexander crushed the rebellions
that broke out in Greece after
his fathers death
He then began his quest to
conquer the world
By 331 BC he had completely
destroyed Persia
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Conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt,
and Mesopotamia
His goal was to bring all of the
known world into one empire
Alexander got as far east as the
Indus River in India
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Troops got sick of fighting and
Alexander had to turn back to Persia
The Empire of Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
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Alexander led his troops
to the India Ocean
He split his army there,
half his army traveled
west by sea
Alexander led the rest
of his troops across the
desert back to Persia
Many of his men died
from exposure and lack
of food and water
Alexander the Great
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By 323 BC discontent
spread throughout the
empire
Alexander, in Babylon,
became seriously ill
He struggled with a
raging fever for 10 days
He later died that year,
he was not yet 33
years-old
Beginnings of the Hellenistic World
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In 13 years, Alexander
almost NEVER lost a battle
He conquered most of the
known world in that brief of
time
Alexander purposely spread
Greek culture wherever his
armies marched
He founded numerous cities,
many which he named
Alexandria in his honor
Greeks and Macedonians
settled in each of these cities
The Spread of Greek Culture
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Under Alexander’s leadership,
Macedonia, Greeks, and Persians
often worked together to govern
the empire
This enabled Alexander to rule
his empire more efficiently
To set an example, Alexander
married TWO Persian noblewomen
He aimed to bring Greeks
and Persians together in
a single culture
Hellenistic Culture
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Alexander failed to achieve
his dream of world rule
His reign spread culture
throughout much of the world
No longer purely Hellenic, or
Greek, this new “Greek-like”
way of life became known as
the Hellenistic culture
Combined ideas and values
drawn from the Mediterranean
and Asia
Thrived from the time of
Alexander’s death and the
Roman conquest of Greece
in 146 BC
Hellenistic Culture
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The conquests of Alexander
the Great brought Greek
culture to many areas,
including the Nile Valley,
Southwest Asia, and the
lands that bordered India
Greek ways influenced these
areas long after his death
Ideas from these lands
changed Greek culture
at home
Hellenistic World
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Many people prospered from
the growth of trade in the
Hellenistic world
Trade was based in major cities
Alexandria, Egypt—the
biggest Hellenistic city—became
a leading commercial center
Also contained a library that
had thousands of papyrus
scrolls that held the
Hellenistic world’s knowledge
and literature
Hellenistic World
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Trade routes linked
the Hellenistic world
Education became
more widespread
Hellenistic women gained new
rights regarding property and
appeared more in public
Another major change centered
on a new idea of what it meant
to be Greek
A Hellenized Egyptian or Syrian
was considered “Greek”
More of the world had become
“Greek” through the spread of
culture
Religion And Philosophy
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Greeks concept of the polis declined
Many people turned to new
religions and philosophies
Focused on people’s need for
a sense of belonging
Hellenistic kings in Egypt and
in Asia encouraged the practice
of ruler-worship
Filled people with a new sense
of civic duty as the polis was
replaced by that of the monarch
Looked to authority figures for
guidance
Hellenistic Religions
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Many turned to mystery
religions—cults that
introduced worshippers to
secret teachings or mysteries
Rituals of the mystery
religions provided members
with a feeling of unity,
security, and personal worth
Some turned to philosophy
in search of understanding
Hellenistic Philosophy
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Hellenistic philosophers were mainly
concerned with ethics
Four chief schools of philosophy existed:
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Cynicism
 2. Skepticism
 3. Stoicism
 4. Epicureanism
Hellenistic Philosophy
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Cynics taught that people
should live simply and naturally,
without regard for pleasure,
wealth, or social status
Most well known cynic was
Diogenes
Skeptics believed that because
the universe is always changing,
all knowledge is uncertain
Accept this fact and receive
peace of mind
Pyrrho is credited as the
founder of Skepticism
Stoic philosophy
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Zeno established the Stoic
philosophy
Believed that divine reason
directs the world
People should accept their
fate without complaint
Believed that every person had
some “spark” of the divine within
People could achieve happiness
only by following this spark
Greatly influenced Roman
and Christian thinking
Epicurean Philosophy
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Epicurus was the founder
of Epicurean philosophy
Taught that the aim of life
is to seek pleasure and
avoid pain
People should limit their
desires
This was the best way
to avoid suffering
Science and Mathematics in the
Hellenistic Age
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Euclid contributed extremely
important work to the
development of geometry
He showed how geometric
statements flow logically
from one another
His Elements is the basis
for many of today’s geometry
books
Science and Mathematics in
the Hellenistic Age
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Probably the greatest scientist
of the Hellenistic period was
Archimedes
He calculated the value of pi
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The ratio of the circumference
of a circle to its diameter
He used mathematics to
explain how levers work
Invented many machines,
including the compound pulley
Invented Archimedes screw
which draws water upward
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Still used today
Archimedes inventions
Medicine in the Hellenistic Age
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Alexandria, Egypt was the
center of medical science
Hellenistic doctors learned from
the Egyptian art of embalming
to examine and catalog parts
of the human body
Alexandrian doctors examined
the bodies of executed
criminals
Herophilus concluded that
the brain is the center of the
nervous system
Science and Mathematics in the
Hellenistic Age
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They used principles of geometry
to track the movements of stars
and planets
Aristarchus correctly believed
that the earth and other planets
moved around the sun
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BUT failed to convince others
Hipparchus used trigonometry
to predict eclipses
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used the sun and moon to
calculate the length of the year
Science and Mathematics in the
Hellenistic Age
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Hellenistic geographers knew
the earth was round
Eratosthenes calculated the
distance around the earth
with amazing accuracy
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Did so by finding the angle of the
sun’s rays from different points on
the globe
He was considered one of the
most brilliant mathematicians
and astronomers of his time
He headed the great library of
Alexandria