Transcript 4 AP Classical Greece

Classical
Mediterranean
Society
[1700 – 323 BCE]
K.M.H.S.
AP World History
Mrs. Farbacher
ANCIENT GREECE
From the Archaic Age
To the Hellenistic Age
Antikythera Mechanism
Essential Questions
What were the strengths & weaknesses
of the Greek political system?
 What were the major contributions of
the Greeks to Western Civilization?
 Why is their idea of “territorial
sovereignty” important to Western
Civilization?
 What are the legacies of Greek
civilization?

Concepts-Terms-People
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Polis
Democracy
Philosophy
Territorial
Sovereignty
Maritime
Thermopylae
Salamis
Phalanx
Hoplite
Helot

Hellas

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
Hellenes
Pericles
Solon
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Alexander
See scientists,
etc.
Minoa
Ancient Greek Societies


MINOA
 Island of Crete
Minos [King]
 Palace at Knossos
 Linear A




Peloponnesus
 Southern Greece
 Indo-European
Linear B
[alphabet]
Agamemnon [King]

[written alphabet]
Eastern Influences
 Egypt & Phoenicia
 Ended:
 Natural disasters
 Invasions
MYCENAE



Trojan War
Foreign invasion of
homeland while away
 Dorian Greeks
[Aryans]
Mycenae
Greek Political Structure
Polis [Poleis – plural]
 City-state
 No centralized government rule
 Athens & Sparta

 Most
important poleis
 Athens
> democracy
 Sparta > military state
Greek City-States

ATHENS
 Attica
 Rocky,
land




 Peloponnesus
infertile
Maritime Economy
 Fishermen
 Commercial fleet
Large population
Sought to control
conflict by
democratic means
SPARTA
 Fertile

Agrarian Economy



Subjugated neighbors
Servants / slaves
Helots [slaves]



farm land
Out number by 10 – 1
Control by using:
Powerful military
machine
Athenian Society
Dominated by large land owners
 Controlled the vote
 CLASS STRUGGLE WITH POOR
 Solon> Reformer: Athenian
democracy& Cleisthenes & Draco
 Forged compromise on voting
rights
 Opened polis councils to all free
males

Solon & Cleisthenes & Draco
594 & 507 BCE
Athenian Statesmen





SOLON
 Aristocratic
mediator
 Attempt to avoid
civil war
No land reform
 Pleased land
owners
Cancelled debts
Forbade debt slavery
Freed debt slaves
 Pleased poorer
classes



PERICLES
GOLDEN AGE OF
ATHENS
Promoted
 Building programs
 The Parthenon
 Created jobs
 Architects
 Science
 Philosophy
 The arts
 Poetry
drama
 Civic Pride
Periclean Democratic System
Greek Polis
Greek Economic Expansion
 Colonized
the Mediterranean
Basin
 400 colonies
 Facilitated trade
 Spread Greek culture and
language
 Stimulated economic
development in the area
Delian League
Battle of Marathon
Persian Wars
[500-479 BCE]
Ionian Greeks rebel
against Achaemenids
 Darius campaigned to regain
Anatolia
 Attacked Athens with army &
navy
 Greeks greatly outnumbered
 Greeks victorious
 BATTLE OF MARATHON

Hoplites in Phalanx
Persian Wars
[500-479 BCE]

Greeks form a defensive league under Sparta
invaded by Xerxes [1k ships]


DELIAN LEAGUE
Outnumbered at THERMOPYLAE


300 Spartans vs. 150 K Persians
Hoplites in phalanx formation

Shields and spears & long swords
& body armor

Leonidas dies with his men
Athens falls but Athenian naval victory at

SALAMIS ENDS IN PERSIAN DEFEAT

Thermopylae
[480-479 BCE]
Battle of Salamis
Peloponnesian War
“The Big Stupid”
Peloponnesian War
[431-404 BCE]



Athens vs. Sparta
 Greek world splits into opposing sides
Sparta wins
 But other poleis jealous/cause more
problems
Opens Greece to a threat
from the north
 Phillip of Macedon
 Conquered Greece in 338 BCE
Alexander of Macedon
Succeeded his father at age
20
 Invaded:

Ionia & Anatolia
 Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia
 Persian homeland
 Invaded Indus Valley
 Died in 323 BCE > age 33

Alexander
Alexander’s Campaigns
Alexander’s Empire
 HELLENISTIC
EMPIRES
 Antigonids
 Greece
& Macedonia
 Seleucids
 Persia
 Ptolemaic
 Egypt
Hellenistic Empires
Europe
Greek Economic Systems
Trade
 Source of prosperity
 Complex commercial
organizations
 Pan-Hellenic festivals
 Unified Hellenic world
Olympic Games

Greek Society
 Patriarchal
society
 Women second class citizens
 Could
not vote
 Wore veils in public
 Could own businesses
 Could be priestesses
 Spartan
women held most rights
More on Gender Roles

Women were not normally educated
Some upper class women were
 As well as courtesans


Sappho
Female poet with renown literary talent
 Instructed young women in the arts
 Accused by critics of being a
homosexual


From the island of Lesbos
Sappho & Courtesans
Athena

Goddess of Wisdom,
War, Knowledge
Acropolis
Greek Slavery
 Slaves:
 Private
chattel property of their
owners
 Could not vote
 Worked
as:
 Cultivators
 Could
/ domestic servants
be educated and worked as:
 Artisans
& business managers
Greek Culture
 Influenced
by Mesopotamia & Egypt
 Phoenician alphabet
 Their own cultural traditions were
based on:
 Philosophy of HUMAN REASON
Socrates – Plato – Aristotle
Athenian influence
Alphabets
Greek Philosophy

SOCRATES

Encouraged reflection of ethics & morality
 Ethics more important than wealth or fame
Critical scrutiny of traditional ethics
 Condemned for “corrupting” Athenian youths
 Really for challenging the status quo [399 BCE]

Greek Philosophy
PLATO
 Student of Socrates


Formulated Theory of Forms or Ideas
Founded the Academy c.385 BCE
 Anti-democratic


Republic
 Ideal

“Philosopher King”
The Cave
Greek Philosophy
 ARISTOTLE
 C.343 BCE

Plato’s disciple
Distrusted Theory of Forms & Ideas
 Devised rules of logic to construct powerful
arguments
 Was Alexander’s tutor


Provided coherent & comprehensive
vision of the world
Legacy of Greek Philosophy
 Intellectual
authorities for
European philosophers until 17th
Century
 Intellectual inspiration for
Christian & Islamic theologians
 Intellectual framework for future
generations
Mathematics
Euclid
Geometry
c.350 BCE
“Elements”
Prime numbers
Historians & Poets
Hesiod
Plutarch
Thucydides
Pindar
Homer
Aeschylus
Menander
Sophocles Herodotus
Eratosthenes
[275-192 BCE]
Earth is round
 Circumference

45,460 km
 40,076 km
 23 degree tilt [axis]

Pythagoras
Prime principles of harmony
in universe
 Transmigration of souls
 Earth as a globe with other
planets revolving around central
fire

Hippocrates of Cos
[460-337 BCE]
Father of Medicine
 “Corpus Hippocratum”
 Environmental causes
For diseases

Anaxagoras
Sun is not a god
 Moon shines
by reflected light

Anaxagoras
[Clazomenae, 500-428 BC]
Archimedes of Syracuse
[287-212 CE]
Father of Hydrology
 Mechanics
 Machines kept Romans
at bay in Syracuse

Hipparchus of Nicaea
[162-128 BCE]
Trigonometry
 Equinoxes
 Longitude
 Latitude
 Size & distance
of moon

Scientists

Herophilis


Aristarchus [310-230 BCE]


Heliocentricity [Copernicus]
Heraclides


Father of Anatomy
Earth rotation
Eudoxus

Model of solar system
Scientists

Democritus of Abdera



eclipse
Ptolemy of Alexandria


ATOMIC THEORY
Thales of Miletus


[c. 585 BCE]
[c.85-165 CE]
Astronomical & geographical maps
Galen of Pergamon [129-216 CE]
 Physician [to Romans]
Strabo of Amasia [62 BCE-24 CE]
 Geography
Homer
C. 750 BCE
 Wrote

“Iliad”
 “Odyssey”

Euripides

Tragic Drama



Annual theatrical festivals
Tragedian explored
limitations of human
action
Comic Drama

Took delight in lampooning
public & political figures
Religion
Polytheistic
 Zeus & pantheon




Resided: Mt. Olympus
Interacted with mortals
Rich mythology
Hellenistic Philosophy

Epicureans
Hedonistic
 Pleasure the greatest good


Skeptics


Doubted the certainty of knowledge
Stoics

Duty to aid others & lead virtuous
lives
Enduring Questions



Be prepared to discuss Greek legacies in
detail.
Be prepared to discuss the long term
global influences of the Greek concept
of ‘territorial sovereignty’.
Be prepared to evaluate Greek
influences on Western philosophy and
political thought.