Transcript Roman hallway (#1)

Atlas was the son of the Titan Iapetus and
the Oceanid Asia[2] or Clymene.[3]
The impluvium is the sunken part of
the atrium in a Greek or Roman house
(domus). Designed to carry away the rainwater
coming through the compluvium of the roof, it
is usually made of marble and placed about
30 cm below the floor of the atrium.
Augustus (plural augusti), /ɔːˈɡʌstəs/; Classical
Latin: [awˈɡʊstʊs], Latin for "majestic," "the
increaser," or "venerable", was an ancient
Roman title given as both name and title to
Gaius Octavius (often referred to simply as
Augustus), Rome's first Emperor.
The statesman and general Julius Caesar (10044 B.C.) expanded the Roman Republic
through a series of battles across Europe
before declaring himself dictator for life. He
died famously on the steps of the Senate at
the hands of political rivals. Julius Caesar is
often remembered as one of the greatest
military minds in history and credited with
laying the foundation for the Roman Empire.
Rome's most famous citizen was no doubt
Julius Caesar. He was a Roman politician and
general who, without having any orders to do
so, conquered the vast territory of the Gauls to
the north of his province in France.
In the year 49 BC Caesar crossed the small
river between his province and Italy, called the
river Rubicon, and conquered Rome itself
which he then ruled as a dictator.
His military campaigns also took him to Egypt
where he met the famous Cleopatra.
His life though was ended as he was
infamously murdered in the senate in Rome.
So famous and respected was Caesar that a
month of the year is still named after him and
his heirs today, July (after Julius Caesar). Also
the great English poet Shakespeare wrote a
famous play called Julius Caesar about his
famous murder.
In Greek mythology, Chaos (Greek: Χάος), the
primeval void, was the first thing which
existed. According to Hesiod,[1] "at first Chaos
came to be" (or was)[2] "but next" (possibly out
of Chaos) came Gaia, Tartarus,
and Eros.[3] Unambiguously born "from Chaos"
were Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night).[4]
The Greek word "chaos" (χάος), a neuter noun,
means "yawning" or "gap", but what, if
anything, was located on either side of this
chasm is unclear.[5] For Hesiod, Chaos, like
Tartarus, though personified enough to have
born children, was also a place, far away,
underground and "gloomy", beyond which
lived theTitans.[6] And, like the earth, the
ocean, and the upper air, It was also capable of
being affected by Zeus' thunderbolts.[7]
For the Roman poet Ovid, Chaos was an
unformed mass, where all the elements were
jumbled up together in a "shapeless heap".[8]
In Greek mythology, Chaos (Greek: Χάος), the
primeval void, was the first thing which
existed. According to Hesiod,[1] "at first Chaos
came to be" (or was)[2] "but next" (possibly out
of Chaos) came Gaia, Tartarus,
and Eros.[3] Unambiguously born "from Chaos"
were Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx (Night).[4]
The Greek word "chaos" (χάος), a neuter noun,
means "yawning" or "gap", but what, if
anything, was located on either side of this
chasm is unclear.[5] For Hesiod, Chaos, like
Tartarus, though personified enough to have
born children, was also a place, far away,
underground and "gloomy", beyond which
lived theTitans.[6] And, like the earth, the
ocean, and the upper air, It was also capable of
being affected by Zeus' thunderbolts.[7]
For the Roman poet Ovid, Chaos was an
unformed mass, where all the elements were
jumbled up together in a "shapeless heap".[8]
Early Rome was governed by kings, but after
only seven of them had ruled, the Romans
took power over their own city and ruled
themselves. They then instead had a council
known as the 'senate' which ruled over them.
From this point on one speaks of the 'Roman
Republic'.
The word 'Republic' itself comes from the Latin
(the language of the Romans) words 'res
publica' which mean 'public matters' or
'matters of state'.
(in ancient Rome) one of the two annually
elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the
republic.
The senate under the kings had only been
there to advise the king. Now the senate
appointed a consul, who ruled Rome like a
king, but only for one year. - This was a wise
idea, as like that, the consul ruled carefully and
not as a tyrant, for he knew that otherwise he
could be punished by the next consul, once his
year was up.
Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, suggests that Daedalus constructed the
Labyrinth so cunningly that he himself could barely escape it after he built
it.[19] Daedalus built the labyrinth for King Minos, who needed it to
imprison his wife's son the Minotaur. The story is told that Poseidon had
given a white bull to Minos so that he might use it as a sacrifice. Instead,
Minos kept it for himself; and in revenge, Poseidon made his
wife Pasiphaë lust for the bull with the help of Aphrodite.[20] For Pasiphaë,
as Greek mythologers interpreted it, Daedalus also built a wooden cow so
she could mate with the bull, for the Greeks imagined the Minoan bull of
the sun to be an actual, earthly bull, the slaying of which later required a
heroic effort by Theseus.
This story thus encourages others to consider the long-term
consequences of their own inventions with great care, lest those
inventions do more harm than good. As in the tale of Icarus' wings,
Daedalus is portrayed assisting in the creation of something that has
subsequent negative consequences, in this case with his creation of the
monstrous Minotaur's almost impenetrable Labyrinth which made slaying
the beast an endeavour of legendary difficulty.
Ariadne (/æriˈædniː/; Greek: Ἀριάδνη; Latin: A
riadne), in Greek mythology, was the daughter
of Minos, King of Crete,[1] and his
queen Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios.[2] She is
mostly associated with mazes and labyrinths
because of her involvement in the myths of
the Minotaur and Theseus. Her father put her
in charge of the labyrinth where sacrifices
were made as part of reparations (either to
Poseidon or to Athena, depending on the
version of the myth); later, she helped Theseus
overcome the Minotaur and save the would-be
sacrificial victims. In other stories, she became
the bride of the god Dionysus, with the
question of her being mortal or a goddess
varying in those accounts.[3][4]
Since ancient Greek myths are passed down through oral tradition,
many variations of this and other myths exist.[5] According to an
Athenian version of the legend, Minos attacked Athensafter his son was
killed there. The Athenians asked for terms, and were required to
sacrifice seven young men and seven maidens to the Minotaur every
seven or nine years. One year, the sacrificial party included Theseus,
the son of King Aegeus, who volunteered to come and kill the Minotaur.
Ariadne fell in love at first sight, and helped him by giving him a sword
and a ball of thread, so that he could find his way out of the Minotaur's
labyrinth.
She eloped with Theseus after he achieved his goal, but according
to Homer "he had no joy of her, for ere that, Artemis slew her in seagirt
Dia because of the witness of Dionysus" (OdysseyXI, 321-5). Homer
does not expand on the nature of Dionysus's accusation, but the Oxford
Classical Dictionary speculates that she was already married to
Dionysus when Theseus ran away with her.
The most familiar literary telling explaining Daedalus' wings is a late one, that of
Ovid: in his Metamorphoses (VIII:183-235) Daedalus was shut up in a tower to
prevent his knowledge of his Labyrinth from spreading to the public. He could not
leave Crete by sea, as the king kept strict watch on all vessels, permitting none to
sail without being carefully searched. Since Minos controlled the land and sea
routes, Daedalus set to work to fabricate wings for himself and his young
son Icarus. He tied feathers together, from smallest to largest so as to form an
increasing surface. He secured the feathers at their midpoints with string and at
their bases with wax, and gave the whole a gentle curvature like the wings of a
bird. When the work was done, the artist, waving his wings, found himself
buoyed upward and hung suspended, poising himself on the beaten air. He next
equipped his son in the same manner, and taught him how to fly. When both
were prepared for flight, Daedalus warned Icarus not to fly too high, because the
heat of the sun would melt the wax, nor too low, because the sea foam would
soak the feathers.
They had passed Samos, Delos and Lebynthos by the time the boy, forgetting
himself, began to soar upward toward the sun. The blazing sun softened the wax
which held the feathers together and they came off. Icarus quickly fell in the sea
and drowned. His father cried, bitterly lamenting his own arts, and called the land
near the place where Icarus fell into the ocean Icaria in memory of his child.
Some time later, the goddess Athena visited Daedalus and gave him wings, telling
him to fly like a god.