Transcript New History of Medicinem

A Timeline of Medical Discoveries,
Inventions, Advances, and Events
from Prehistoric Times to the Present
8000 BC—Stone Age

 As early as the New Stone Age (Neolithic Period),
people are using the operation of trepanning, boring
a hole in the skull. Some primitive tribes still use this
therapy today. It is believed that trepanning was
used to either relieve horribly painful headaches, or
to release demons from the skull. The heyssaw,
shown below, was just one of the many tools used
into the Middle Ages.
Shamanism

Healing was integrated
with the tribe's general
cultural belief system,
religion, view of nature
than they are in recent
centuries.
Shamans

 Shamans use rituals to “release demons” and
connect patient to the higher source of energy for
healing. Also the use of medicine herbs and plants
began. Shamans still practicing healing in some parts
of the world and are big part of some cultures. It
should be respected and understood, yet patient
should be convinced to use contemporary medicine
along with shamans healing. Video 4 min
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-cGfehQ91Q
3000 BC Ancient
Egyptians

3000 BC Ancient
Egyptians

 Imhotep, the first physician known by name,
practices medicine during Egypt's third dynasty.
 Believed that the body was a system of channels for
air, tears, blood, urine, sperm, and feces
 If channels became “clogged”, bloodletting or
leeches were used to “open” them
 Used magic and medicinal plants to treat diseases
 Average life span was 20 to 30 years
Imhotep – first known
physician

 He was the author of a
medical treatise
remarkable for being
devoid of magical
thinking; the so-called
Edwin Smith papyrus
containing anatomical o
bservations, ailments,
and cures.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L
vgOjjQhBT8&feature=related 5 min
1700 BC-Ancient Chinese

 Chinese medical system asserts that disease is the
result of alienation from the universe's natural order.
1700 BC-Ancient
Chinese

 Since the ancient time Chinese physicians use pulse
diagnostic and acupuncture. Video 4 minutes
 www.youtube.com/watch?v=MudiQchhJ8g
400 BC—Ancient Greeks

 Hippocrates (born c.460-died c. 370 BCE),
recognized as the father of medicine, is a
Greek physician who bases the practice of
medicine on objective observation.
 He believed that illness is caused by an
imbalance of the four bodily humors:
yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm.
Hippocrates – the Father
of medicine

 Hippocrates, "The
Father of Medicine,"
and his school on the
Greek isle of Cos, left a
body of writings that
was used as
authoritative
throughout the
Mediterranean for over
a millennium.
Hippocratic Oath

 His emphasis is on the
physician/patient
relationship, always
putting the patient first.
Although the
Hippocratic Oath
cannot be credited to
him directly, it is
representative of his
medical principles.
Hippocratic Oath

 I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:
 I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in
whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with
those who are to follow.
 I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required,
avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
 I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and
that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the
surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.
 I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my
colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's
recovery.
First do not harm

 It is short version of Hippocrates saying:
"Practice two things in your
dealings with disease: either
help or do not harm the
patient".
What would be a practical application of this
rule?
100 BC-Ancient Romans

 Public latrines in Rome are provided in bath facilities
where there is a constant source of running water.
 Created aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities
 Built sewers to carry waste materials away from
cities
 Used filtering systems in public baths to prevent
disease
100 BC-Ancient Romans

History of medicine

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9V-Ts9rFX2Q
42 min
170 CE—GALEN: PHYSICIAN,
ANATOMIST, AND PHILOSOPHER

 Galen (130 CE-200 CE)
proves that arteries and
veins carry blood instead of
air, as previously thought.
An adherent of
Hippocrates's theory of
bodily humors, Galen
believes that bloodletting
restores the body's fluids to
perfect balance, curing most
diseases.
Paracelsus – first
epidemiologist

Vesalius – first
comprehensive anatomy book

Andreas Vesalius First
Anatomy Book

The Dark and Middle Ages

 During the dark and the middle ages, after the fall of
the Roman empire, the study of medicine stopped
 Monks and priests stressed prayer to treat illness
 A major epidemic of bubonic plague killed almost
75%of the population of Europe and Asia
AD 1350-The Renaissance

 Artists Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci used
dissection in order to draw the human body more
realistically
 First anatomy book published by Andreas Vesalius
in 1543
 Roger Bacon promoted chemical remedies to treat
disease and researched optics and refraction
(bending of light rays)
th
16
and
th
17
Centuries

 Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the
Father of Modern surgery
 He established use of ligatures to bind arteries to
stop bleeding
 Eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds
 Improved treatment of fractures and promoted use
of artificial limbs
 Apothecaries(early pharmacists) made, prescribed,
and sold medications
Ambroise Pare

18th Century

 Gabriel Fahrenheit created the first mercury
thermometer in 1714
 Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals for glasses
 Edward Jenner developed a vaccination for smallpox
in 1796
19th century

 International Red Cross was founded in 1863
 Joseph Lister started using disinfectants and
antiseptics during surgery to prevent infection in 1865
 Paul Ehrlich, a German bacteriologist, developed
methods of detecting and differentiating between
various diseases, developed the foundation for
modern theories of immunity, and used chemicals to
eliminate microorganisms
 Louis Pasteur contributed many discoveries. One of
them was a method to kill bacteria in milk –
pasteurizing.
th
19
century

 The first successful blood
transfusion was performed
in 1818
 The stethoscope was
invented in 1819 by Rene
Laennec
 Theodor Fliedner started of
the first deaconesses
training center in Germany
in 1836 to help sick and
wounded.
Florence Nightingale-The Mother of
Modern Nursing

 When Florence Nightingale became a nurse,
sanitation and personal hygiene of the
British army were very poor
 Her efforts in sanitation decreased the
death rate by two thirds
 Because of her statistics, sanitation reforms
occurred and medical practice improved
 She invented the system now known as the
call light
 She published over
200 books,
pamphlets and
reports
Florence Nightingale established
first nursing school in England in
1890

 Lectures were given by
physicians, and nurses
were supposed to take
notes.
 The expectations to
nurses were set very
high and it become a
middle class women
profession.
Florence Nightingale the
Mother of Modern Nursing

 In her honor an
International Nursing
Day was establish on
her birthday – May 12
 Every graduation from
the nursing school
around the world has a
candle ceremony to
honor “The Lady of the
Lamp”
Candle ceremony

Florence Nightingale
Museum in London

The 20th century

 The ABO blood groups were classified in 1901
 Patients stopped dying from blood transfusion.
 Blood donation became a major altruistic act of help
of one person to another.
Infectious disease fight

 Fleming Discovered penicillin in 1928
 Antibiotic era started and immediately made
humanity more powerful in fight with major life loss
than ever before. It was really major gain in
medicine.
Discovery of DNA code
and structure

 Francis Crick and James Watson described the
structure of DNA and how it carries genetic
information in 1953
Genetic sequencing now

First heart transplant

 First successful heart transplant was performed by
Christian Barnard in 1968. He was called The King of
hearts after that.
th
century
continued
20

 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was
identified as a disease in 1981
http://www.wimp.com/needlove/ 4 min
 The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of
1987 established regulations for the education and
certification of nursing assistants
 First clone - sheep was cloned in 1997
Homework

 History of Medicine
test on Wednesday
 Watch video on history
of medicine
 Medical Terminology
Test 1, Workbook 1 on
Thursday
 Sweatshirt $41, HOSA
membership $15